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Thought Leadership

Home Research Thought Leadership

春節幸福感和疫情感知風險調查:來自機器學習的洞察

10 Feb 2023
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2023年剛結束的兔年春節內地民眾過得怎樣?調查顯示,兔年春節期間,民眾的幸福感平均值為5.47,介於“比較開心”與“開心”之間(1為最低值,7為最高值),“比較開心”以上人群占比為83.1%。調查發現,“異地探親或旅遊過年”群體的春節幸福感(5.79)要比“就地過年”的群體(5.30)高;特別是,“異地探親或旅遊過年”民眾的春節幸福感與去年(5.51)相比有顯著性提升;其中,那些春節期間選擇旅遊度假的群體獲得的幸福感最高(5.98)。疫情之後,人們春節出行的意願提升。調查顯示,今年春節選擇“就地過年”的人群占比為63.5%,顯著低於2022年的76.06%。調查分析發現,傾向“異地探親或旅遊過年”的人群要比“就地過年”的人群在平日的壓力感更大、生活滿意度較低。春節假期過後,前者通過春節返鄉探親或旅行的方式提升了春節幸福感,減少了上述差距。

這是由香港大學副教授賈軾、香港中文大學(深圳)及深圳市人工智慧與機器人研究院校長講座教授賈建民、清華大學文科資深教授薛瀾和博士生袁韻等組成的研究團隊開展的全國性問卷調查的統計結果。研究團隊於2022年12月下旬和2023年春節假期後在Credamo調研平臺對3000多位民眾開展兩次調查,共收集有效問卷5276份,樣本來自全國249個城市,年齡段以20歲至50歲、有春節探親需要的群體為主,覆蓋各類社會群體。研究團隊基於問卷調查資料,應用可解釋性機器學習模型(EBM,Explainable Boosting Machine)中的特徵貢獻度來分析各種因素的影響強度,並採用回歸模型的係數來判別這些影響是否顯著和影響方向(正面或負面影響),來更加準確地探究各種因素對廣大民眾兔年春節幸福感和疫情感知風險的影響和關係。其分析結果如下:

圖1提供了民眾春節幸福感貢獻因素的排序,其中前五位主要因素依次為:家人團聚、央視春晚、春節聚會、身體健康、以及心理彈性。與本研究團隊去年的調查結果相同,與親人團聚仍然處於影響廣大民眾春節幸福感受的首位因素,觀看央視春晚、參加朋友聚會也會增添人們的春節幸福感。“異地過年”(包括返鄉過年和旅遊)群體比“就地過年”群體更加顯著提升了他們從家人團聚和朋友聚會中獲取的幸福感,但“就地過年”的群體能從央視春晚中獲得更多的幸福感。感知壓力和感知風險對春節幸福感有一定的負面影響。在兔年春節之後的調查顯示,感染人群的比例已達90.1%。分析顯示,感染人群與未感染人群在春節幸福感和生活滿意度等方面並沒有顯著性差異。

通過測量民眾的感知風險可以瞭解他們對於這波新冠疫情感受到的威脅程度及其影響因素。圖2展示了各種因素對對民眾感知風險的影響大小,其貢獻度最大的依次是感受壓力、儘量待在家中、防護行為、儲備防疫藥品和物資、心理困擾度等。分析顯示,這些心理情緒和行為對民眾的感知風險有顯著的正面影響,而心理彈性高(能很快從困境和挫折中恢復過來)、周圍無人過世、旅遊多、身體健康、新冠疫苗接種更多的人群對於疫情的感知風險較低。異地“探親或旅遊過年”與“就地過年”人群在感知風險上沒有顯著差異;新冠感染過的人群比未感染人群對疫情的感知風險要高一些,特別是感染症狀越強的人其感知風險越高。

調查顯示,大部分民眾至今仍然對新冠病毒感染保持一定的警惕性,仍然有58.4%的受調人群表示比較擔心自己可能感染或再次感染新冠病毒,有69.3%的人表示比較擔心家人可能再次感染。75.2%的受調人群計畫今年繼續接種新冠疫苗的“加強針”,45.2%的人考慮在半年內接種。圖3展示了各種因素對民眾2023年接種新冠疫苗“加強針”意願的影響,其貢獻度最大的依次是央視春晚、防護行為、家庭收入、心理彈性、與孩子一同居住、防疫物資儲備、疫苗接種劑數等。另外,那些春節幸福感越強的人群,愈加願意在2023年繼續接種“加強針”。繼續接種新冠疫苗,提升民眾的抗體水準,勢必成為今後的主要防疫手段。

調查還詢問了“請簡述您的感染經歷以及新冠疫情對您的影響”這一開放性問題,有77%的受調者予以回復,其文本分析的詞頻統計和詞雲圖見圖4。大部分受調者提到新冠感染期間表現出症狀和自我感受,以及疫情期間所面臨的各種困難,疫情對廣大民眾的生活和工作造成了嚴重的影響。其中,38%的受調者詳細闡述了感染期間的明顯症狀和身體狀態,28%的受調者表示這波疫情對工作、學習和生活造成負面影響,27%的受調者認為疫情給家人、同事、朋友、父母帶來威脅,8%的受調者提出了對新形勢下疫情防控政策的相關看法,分別有6%和5%的受調者提到這波疫情對社交活動和旅遊出行的影響。文本的情感分析顯示,絕大多數民眾面對疫情仍然保持的樂觀向上的心態,積極克服疫情為生活和工作帶來的各種困難。


圖4. 新冠病毒感染經歷和疫情影響的詞雲圖

  過去三年,我國政府付出巨大的代價守衛廣大人民的生命健康和安全,並因時因勢,不斷調整和優化疫情防控政策。2022年末,順應國內外形勢,疫情防控實現開放性和常態化管理,以相對較小的代價,讓全國民眾度過這波大疫情。在疫情防控進入新階段的第一個春節,民眾回鄉探親、闔家團圓、親朋相聚,顯著提升了春節幸福感和生活福祉,期待2023年更加美好。

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About Author
Prof. Jayson Shi JIA

Associate Professor

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