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Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
With Returns Down, Is It Worth Going Up the Educational Ladder?

With Returns Down, Is It Worth Going Up the Educational Ladder?

14 Aug 2024
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教育回報倒掛 上大學還值得嗎

 

過去一個月,內地高考、香港中學文憑考試相繼放榜,時至今日,塵埃逐漸落定。考生何去何從,不僅影響眾多家庭的生活節奏,亦是社會經濟狀況的晴雨表。今年的一個鮮明特點就是,短期市場回報率成為考生擇校的主導因素。

社會上對此現象反應不一,貶之者認為急功近利,褒之者則謂識時務者為俊傑。或貶或褒,毋庸置疑的是,中國社會面臨一個嚴峻的社會現象:教育上的高投入並沒有帶來高回報,高學歷者反而就業難。這種教育投資與回報率不相稱的新現象引出了一個問題:上大學還值得嗎?

 

擇校不求陽春白雪

本地「大學聯合招生辦法」於上周三公布遴選結果。不出意外,醫科、商科、金融這類實用課程仍是優秀考生的不二之選。中文大學(中大)稱,全港前百名中學文憑考試尖子之中,近半選讀該校醫科。

今屆10名公開試狀元中,8人被香港大學(港大)和中大的醫學院錄取,另外兩人分別入讀港大和科技大學的環球商業管理課程。

內地的情況則有所不同,由於經濟大勢仍處於調整期,加上國家的調控和輿論引導,財經金融類課程的受歡迎程度急劇下降,內地名校的商學院已不再是各地高考狀元的首選。尖子生的去向大致兵分兩路,一是傳統的數理化基礎學科,二是電腦、人工智能和數據科學等當時得令的科技課程。

對於普通學生而言,修讀出路好的課程比入讀名校的吸引力更大。以深圳為例,不僅南方科技大學、哈爾濱工業大學深圳分校這類科技強校受到高分考生的青睞,連深圳技術大學、深圳職業技術大學等以前名不見經傳的院校,其電腦、資訊工程、自動化課程也成為大熱門,收生要求更高於一些傳統名校。在江蘇、浙江等經濟發達的省份,高分學生選擇就讀職業學校的例子比比皆是。內地一家主流招聘網站最新發布的調查報告表明,在受訪的大學生中,超過一半認為回到職業學校學習技能,可以拓闊畢業後求職之路。

 

投資與產出失調

考生放棄興趣與理想,淡化長期的職業生涯規劃,而選擇短期容易就業的實用課程,固然折射出當下經濟的不確定性,也反映出中國教育產業投入高卻出路窄的問題。港大本月初公布的畢業生就業調查報告顯示,撇除暫緩就業或不願就業的學生,2023年學士學位畢業生就業率高達98.8%,平均月薪接近3.2萬元,較前一年上升3.4%。同期,其他各大學也表現良好,畢業生就業率均逾70%,難怪不少人把港校列為性價比最高的梯隊。

相比之下,內地研究型大學畢業生的就業形勢頗為嚴峻。不僅一般高等院校學生找工作困難,即使最頂尖的大學畢業生也不見得容易;更不尋常的是,就業難度與教育程度成反比。根據智聯招聘今年3、4月的問卷調研,內地「雙一流」(世界一流大學和一流學科建設)大學畢業生的就業率最高,但也只有57%。碩士、博士畢業生的就業率僅44.4%,本科生雖略高,亦不過45.4%,大專生的就業率反而高達56.6%。

這種學歷愈高就業愈難的現象,主因是中國教育產業在過去20年擴張過度。一些短、平、快的實用課程勉強提升到研究院水平,一旦就業需求下降,普通院校的碩士、博士畢業生便會被勞動力市場邊緣化。在家庭層面,則是投入產出的極度失當。在中國,孩子學歷每上一個台階,父母都要作出巨大犧牲。當前出現教育回報倒掛的現象,許多家庭在教育投資一環便要重新考量。

 

人力資本價值難定

教育回報率的估算是勞動經濟學的一個經典問題。在美國,經濟學家幾十年的估算表明,在第二次世界大戰後一段很長時間,每人的學校教育年期每增加1 年,其收入平均增長7%至8%,亦即相當於美國股票市場的平均年收益率。因此,一些專家把美國二戰後經濟高速發展的黃金30年歸功於金融資本和人力資本的雙高回報。

至於中國,由於缺乏具有全民代表性的樣本,對教育回報率的估算莫衷一是,有高達30%至40%,有低至2%至4%。這種差異除了是數據偏差外,另外有兩個主要原因。一是地域之間差異大,從東部沿海城市的樣本與西部內陸地區的樣本,所得結果一定是迥然相異。二是經濟結構變化極快,10年前的高教育回報未必能在10年後維持下去。

儘管中國家庭仍然重視教育,未來人力資本的市場價值卻充滿隱憂。由改革開放而引發的產業分工,給全國帶來了巨大的人口紅利。水漲船高,人口紅利帶動教育紅利的增長。隨着人口紅利逐漸消散,教育紅利也就沒那麼顯著了。另一方面,中國經濟發展不均加劇,社會流動性減弱,凡此種種都會抑制教育回報。未來10年,對教育衝擊最大的因素,相信是人工智能技術的廣泛使用,相關變革將給教育回報帶來極大的不確定性。

面對大學生就業困難,一些人認為中國的高等教育應該大量扶植以就業為導向的職業大學。目前中國高技能人才約5000多萬人,佔技能人才比例大概28%。從市場需求來看,通過職業大學培養高技能人才確實有相當大的空間;以普通家庭而言,入讀職業大學也不失為降本增效的好方法。但是,把職業大學當作高等教育的落腳點未免有失偏頗。

 

大學適度逆市操作

社會對人才的需求無疑十分多元化,對複合型人才的需求遠遠大於單一技能型的人才,前者只有在綜合性大學才能夠較好地培養出來。中國如果要走上知識型經濟的道路,必須依靠大批有學識、富創意的高質素人才,而不是單純的高技能人才。再者,日後技術發展對單一性的技能型人才可能出現很強的替代效應,對綜合性人才則有互補關係。

歸根究柢,大學不應完全跟着市場走,而理應前瞻性地發展,甚至適度地採取與市場逆向的操作。正如剛在上周辭世的諾貝爾物理學獎得主李政道先生曾在北京一個學術會議上發表的演講,標題正是:「沒有今日的基礎科學,就沒有明日的科技應用」。

因此,研究型大學可以對基礎學科和某些相對冷門的課程提供額外資助,吸引傑出學生就讀。香港的高等學府不受內地勞動力市場直接影響,在這方面別具優勢。這也是港校擴大影響、回饋社會的策略性方式。

 

吳延暉教授
港大經管學院經濟學、管理及商業策略副教授

(本文同時於二零二四年八月十四日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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