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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Why is pork so expensive in Hong Kong?

Why is pork so expensive in Hong Kong?

13 Dec 2023
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香港的豬肉為什麼這麼貴?

近日香港超市售賣的新鮮豬腩肉每500克90元(港元.下同),遠超深圳市21元的售價。香港的鮮肉完全從內地進口,沒有進出口關稅,為什麼會這麼貴?

深圳今年的豬肉價格比去年大降,生豬到貨價與豬肉零售價分別下降四成與三成,香港的價格則不降反升。據本年出版的《香港統計年刊》,2012年香港豬扒的零售價為生豬批發價的3倍,2019年為4倍,2022年進一步上漲至超過5倍。相比之下,中國內地2023年1月的後腿肉價格僅為生豬批發價的兩倍。

活豬有市有價

香港市面供應的豬肉分為新鮮豬肉、冰鮮豬肉和冷藏豬肉3類,在2010年進口總量中分別佔43.6%、5.8%和50.6%;而從內地進口的比例則分別為100%、97%和49%。冷藏豬肉從巴西、德國、荷蘭、中國內地、波蘭等地進口,以零下20至25度急凍、儲存。冰鮮豬肉在屠宰後立即預冷處理,並保持攝氏0至4度,保質期一周,輸港最多的依次為泰國、中國內地、澳洲、巴西、荷蘭。急凍豬肉及冰鮮豬每500克的售價分別為47元及62元,相對新鮮豬肉便宜兩至三成,甚至一半,所以香港豬肉貴,主要貴在未經冷藏、冷凍的活豬。

1988年以前,內地、馬來西亞、台灣和泰國等地都有出口生豬到本港,本地農場也一直有生豬供應。後來隨着市場競爭,僅餘來自內地和本地的生豬。2006年,特區政府為減少豬場引起的公共衛生和環境污染問題,推行退還牌照計劃,本地生豬供應持續減少。截至2023年10月,香港市場供應的生豬90%來自內地,其餘則為本地農場飼養。

回溯1962年,為確保供港鮮活食品運輸,內地開通了專門供應香港的「三趟快車」,其中753次專列由上海新龍華站始發,上海市食品進出口公司在新龍華設立專門的科室,這就是五豐行的前身。2007年前,五豐行一直是內地鮮活冷凍食品在港的唯一代理商,亦擁有中港聯合生豬有限公司(負責看管抵港後的內地生豬)51%股權,及全資擁有向百佳超級市場供應新鮮豬肉的成利行。

屠房壟斷瓶頸

在此期間,廣東省出口的鮮活產品,由粵海廣南行負責,接受五豐行統一協調。2007年後,為開放活豬供港市場及引入競爭,食物及衛生局與國家商務部給予廣南行、香港農業專區與五豐行同等的代理權。根據立法會2016年文件,五豐行、廣南行、農業專區輸入活豬數量比例為46:45:9,與2023年官方公布數據大致相同。

昔日堅尼地城、長沙灣、元朗、荃灣等區曾經設有公營屠房,屬於公務員編制,成本居高不下,長期經營不善,一度累計虧損一億多元。無奈之下,1987年行政局批准將堅尼地城屠場轉為私營。五豐行憑藉供應活豬、參股屠房的豐富經驗,於1990年接手營辦堅尼地城屠場;經大刀闊斧整頓,第二年就開始有盈利增長。

1996年,立法局財務委員會批准撥款18億元興建上水屠房,設計產能每日5000頭,以取代堅尼地城、長沙灣和元朗的屠房。自上水屠房建成之日起,五豐行便與政府訂立了管理合約,獲得獨家經營權,並每年向政府繳交3300萬元的特權稅。目前本港屠房僅剩上水屠房和荃灣屠房兩家,屠宰量約為9:1。上水屠房配備現代化設施,整個屠宰大堂均設有冷氣、全機械化牲畜屠宰線及機械化屠體卸載設施,相比之下,荃灣屠房的設施過時,環境污染較為嚴重,所在位置又人口稠密。荃灣屠房由私營公司擁有及經營,五豐行佔30%股份。

破特權、利民生

根據近3年市場及供應商數據,中國外經貿部決定每年輸往香港的豬隻出口配額。本港日均輸入生豬,在2000年為6310隻,2017年4270隻,2023年首10個月為3110隻,只佔出口配額約85%。在供應鏈上的生豬數量並不是瓶頸,因為數量取決於消費量,消費者想買都可以買得到,但是因為肉價太貴而購買量偏低,導致每日進口量遠低於進口配額以及屠房的容量。按照經濟學理論,壟斷者一定會設法大幅提高價格,以獲得超額利潤。生豬供應存在競爭,只有屠房是唯一壟斷的瓶頸,五豐行幾乎不面臨任何競爭。

五豐行是華潤集團的全資附屬公司,1995年在香港掛牌上市;2000年,華潤對五豐行重新私有化。當時五豐行賬上現金及存款高達24億元,華潤創業的每股盈利因此增加11%,股本增加9%。2011年五豐行的屠宰費漲價,每隻豬早屠收費144元,日屠108元,每日單是屠宰活豬已有逾60萬元收入,一年更高達2.3億元【註】。早屠與日屠的成本不應該有太大差別,而實際收費差距相當大,顯然是因為市場對鮮豬肉的大部分需求,依賴夜間屠宰工作應對,屠房因需求特高而坐地起價。

同樣是內地進口,牛肉和蔬菜的價格就不像豬肉這樣貴得離譜。過去10年間,本地牛腩的零售價一直穩定在活牛批發價的兩倍。活牛全部由內地供應,雖然也經上水屠房屠宰,但每日供應只有30頭左右,只佔牛肉消費總量的1%;輸港牛肉來源地之中,內地活牛只佔第10位(最大來源地為巴西、美國和印度),所以五豐行的壟斷地位對牛肉價格影響不大。至於香港市場的蔬菜,從內地進口多達九成。2023年10月,本港番茄批發價為每500克4.7元,在百佳超市的零售價為9.8元,為批發價的兩倍。油麥菜批發價為4.2元,在惠康超市的售價為10.8元,為批發價的2倍半。

早在2002年5月的立法會特別會議上,香港豬會就提出,五豐行在本地新鮮豬肉供應鏈上多個環節有控制權,上水屠房不應由五豐行經營,以免鞏固該公司壟斷市場的優勢。2016年,立法會討論屠房壟斷一事,特別關注屠房收費。

雖然政府聲稱五豐行的收費須經食物環境衛生署批准,但就像電費一樣,既然沒有競爭對手,政府完全被對方挾制,毫無還價、控價能力。與電力、巴士、渡輪等所謂自然壟斷的情形不同,沒有任何經濟學理論會說生豬屠宰必須獨家經營。

中央要求特區政府關注民生。在住房方面,囿於條件,當局難以大有作為,但解除五豐行的壟斷地位,降低豬肉價格,去暴利、得民心,雖然庫房收入稍降,但惠及普羅大眾,何樂不為?相信中央政府應該也樂見其成。最簡單的辦法就是,政府公開招標,免除特權稅。選取優勝者的標準,不是看誰交的特權稅最高,而是在保證質素的情況下,誰收的屠宰費最低。這有一點像大學食堂的招標。

筆者簡單估算,如果因此而肉價減半,每名香港居民每年可節省1800元。假使礙於與五豐行簽訂的長期合約而不便推倒重來,可由競爭事務委員會出面,調查活豬市場是否存在壟斷的問題。

 

【註】https://hk.news.yahoo.com/屠宰費增-鮮豬料加價10-221052460.htm

 

鄒弘哲先生
港大經管學院碩士生

周文博士
港大經管學院管理及商業策略副教授

(本文同時於二零二三年十二月十三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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