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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
When will waste reduce after the launch of the Waste Charging Scheme?

When will waste reduce after the launch of the Waste Charging Scheme?

1 Feb 2024
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今天徵費 何時減廢

根據環境保護署公布的2022年香港固體廢物監察報告,本港每天人均垃圾產量為1.51公斤,不僅高於台灣台北的0.37公斤【註1】和日本東京的0.89公斤【註2】,也沒有達到特區政府2013年提出的10年減廢目標(0.8公斤以下)。作為應對措施之一,政府計劃今年8月1日全面實行城市固體垃圾按量徵費。

難求一步到位

對垃圾徵費最簡單的理解是,只要污染者的經濟成本增加,產生的廢物自然會減少;但事實真的如此簡單麼?

對垃圾以量徵費的國家地區雖然不多(例如台灣、日本、南韓和德國),但從這些先行者的經驗卻可看出,垃圾徵費政策從實施到取得成效都經歷漫長時間,無一例外。

早在1950至1980年,日本就已立法規管廢物處置,真正見效卻足足歷經了10年。從1988年至2000年分類普及期邁向2000年至2006年的3R原則(即減少、再用、回收)推進期,直到2006年才全國推行垃圾徵費。在立法初期,日本每天的人均垃圾產量非降反升,由1985年的0.95公斤迅速增至1988年的1.06公斤,增幅為11.6%;主因是戰後該國經濟騰飛,執法效果亦欠佳。

及至2006年全面推行垃圾徵費後,日本每天的人均垃圾產量才顯著減少,從2005年的1.13公斤跌至2017年的0.92公斤,降幅為18.6%,每名市民每年所負擔成本也從1998年的125.9元下調至2012年的27.6元。

廢物回收竅門

為什麼僅僅依靠垃圾徵費不能保證達到減廢的環保目標呢?讓我們一起弄清楚其中的來龍去脈吧。

首先,打開一包家庭垃圾,裏面五花八門,不加分類就丟棄,勢必增加回收再用、循環再造的難度。但是,我們是否知曉怎麼正確分類呢?垃圾分為資源型(可被循環再造,如紙張、塑膠瓶和玻璃容器)、廚餘(有機廢物,如水果皮、菜葉、過期食品和咖啡渣),以及其他一般垃圾(通常不能被回收)。

這個分類看似簡單,卻有諸多細節需要認真分辨。比如普遍認為紙張可以循環再造,但很多紙製品由於用了不同紙張纖維,或者加入了其他材料(如塑膠),導致很多看似是紙的物品不能回收。比如裝雞蛋的紙盒,由於混合了較短的紙纖維,就不能被化為紙漿重新利用。至於常用的紙杯,因為加入了防水防漏的塑膠,同樣無法循環再用。

羅馬不是一日建成。這些垃圾分類的細節不可能一天就學會,要養成習慣更需長期教育推廣,配合賞罰措施。

第二,垃圾妥善分類後應該送到哪裏?名為「綠在區區」的全港社區回收網絡涵蓋逾170個公共收集點【註3】,接收市民提交的回收物,平均約4萬人共用一個回收點。

香港30%的固體垃圾是廚餘,但有廚餘回收設施的公共屋邨只有91個【註4】,平均約8萬人共用一個屋邨內的收集設施。

收集點有限,好不容易做好分類的市民,就要拎着垃圾走到不近家居的回收點。對於生活節奏極快的香港人來說,非常不便利,勢必打擊市民分類回收垃圾的積極性。

放眼海外,標兵台北市如何回收垃圾?當地採用分天、分類回收方式,比如每逢周一、周五回收平面類資源物(如乾淨的舊衣物和廢紙),垃圾車會在指定時間開到各個社區收集。

民眾也可以通過手機程式追蹤垃圾車的時刻表,以免錯過。垃圾車的回收措施,令台灣的家居垃圾回收率在2018年就達到了52% 【註5】,遠遠高於2022年香港固體廢物監察報告中所述的32%。

成本決定效益

第三,經過分類的垃圾運到回收站,會被怎麼利用呢?垃圾分類回收的目的是充分利用資源,但要再生資源被大眾接受,僅僅靠環保教育並不足夠,更重要的是讓再生材料產生高於原材料的經濟價值。

如果再生材料的成本高於原材料,再生資源的企業就無法長期生存。

隨着科技的發展,一些材料的再生成本已經大大低於原材料。比如清華大學和澳洲麥覺理大學(Macquarie University)的研究顯示,從廢棄的手機、冰箱等電子用品中提取一公斤黃金的成本是2000美元,等於從礦產中提取同樣重量黃金的成本的5% 【註6】。當前人人喊打的塑膠製品正是因為製造成本低,回收成本高而陷入一個污染的惡性循環。若要更多垃圾變廢為寶,必須依靠在回收一環善用科技,而政府政策和資助無疑至關重要。

垃圾徵費是香港邁向環保城市的第一步,然而垃圾變廢為寶不是單一的垃圾徵費就可實現。邁出第一步不易,但更不易的是要堅持前行。減廢環保不僅需要提高市民的環保意識、減少浪費,也有賴政府和社群的支持和投入。只有共同努力,才能讓我們共同的香港更加美好。

 

【註1】 :平安環保公用行業深度報告

【註2】:https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/press_01276.html

【註3】:https://www.wastereduction.gov.hk/zh-hk/waste-reduction-programme/greencommunity#overview(檢索於2024年1月28日)

【註4】:https://www.foodwasterecycling.hk/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Smart-Bin-locations_0131-1.pdf

【註5】:A Load of Rubbish,《經濟學人》,2018年9月29日

【註6】:Modern-day Alchemy,《經濟學人》,2018年9月29日

 

范亭亭博士
港大經管學院市場學高級講師

(本文同時於二零二四年二月一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

 

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