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Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
To rejuvenate the Hong Kong economy 2021

To rejuvenate the Hong Kong economy 2021

24 Feb 2021
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一年之計 復興經濟

冠狀病毒病疫情初期,一眾經濟學家預測,2020年全球將陷入1930年代大蕭條以來最嚴重衰退,但後來則修訂為與2007至2009年金融海嘯情況相若。例如根據2020年5月《華爾街日報》的調查,美國經濟學家普遍預測,同年美國經濟將收縮6.6%,屬大蕭條以來之最;聯邦儲備局官員隨於6月預測,收縮幅度為6.5%。

但到9月,聯儲局則將經濟收縮率下調至3.7%;隨着新冠疫苗陸續面世及美國總統大選塵埃落定,12月再次修訂收縮幅度為2.4%,遠低於金融海嘯結束時4.3%的水平。12月27日,美國國會通過2.3萬億美元的《新冠病毒援助、救濟和經濟安全法案》,提供9000億美元刺激性援助,同時為截至2021年9月30日為止聯邦政府財政年度提供1.4萬億美元資金。事實上,全球多國去年都採取了相類的擴張性財政政策,預計有關政策方向在2021年仍會持續。

國際貨幣與貿易

2021年伊始,國際貨幣基金組織發布的最新一期《世界經濟展望》,預測本年環球經濟增長為5.5%,較去年10月預測上調0.3個百分點。刺激增長措施固然重要,但如要復甦穩健,還須管理好疫情,並有賴國際貿易周期反彈的助力。

自2020年3月中至年終,美元對一籃子貿易加權貨幣的匯率從117下跌至102.6,短短8個月間跌幅超過12%,處於過去兩年多的最低水平【圖1】。美元與主要貨幣的利率差異在疫情期間也大幅縮小。

美元走弱雖可提升美國出口的競爭力,但同時會因進口商品較昂貴而輸入通脹。美元持續走弱的因素不外三項:第一,有效疫苗面世並在各國廣泛接種,有助減輕疫災對經濟造成的不確定性及風險,而美元作為避險貨幣的作用減低,則導致美元需求下跌。第二,美國針對公共衞生危機及經濟衰退提供了非常積極的擴張性貨幣及財政開支政策,大大增加了貨幣供應。第三,美國仍受財政預算和貿易的雙重赤字困擾。

因此,預期美元今年將繼續偏軟,對該國經濟來說無疑是一項利好因素,對全球經濟也有積極作用。原因是多數大宗商品(如石油)以美元計價,美元走弱將使一些商品價格下降。此外,全球尤其是新興經濟體的債務,由於大部分以美元借入,償還債務成本也會隨之降低。

疫下各大股市表現

去年投資市場出現一個有趣現象,就是各國經濟因疫情而萎縮之際,股票市場反而持續上揚。觀乎股市主要反映預期中的經濟表現,短期而言,與經濟實況的相關性卻甚低。以恒生指數和香港特區經濟為例,從【圖2】可見兩者在30年的相關性一直並不穩定。

2021年2月初,各大股市表現已勝過去年1月冠狀病毒病尚未蔓延全球之時。從2019年1月至2021年1月,標普500指數的兩年回報是46%,日經指數為42%,上證指數為41%,德國DAX為26%,而恒生指數則只有8%【圖3】。其實從2019年第一季度起,恒生指數已落後於環球大市,突顯出香港內部爭拗和社會動盪的影響。

經濟復甦的曙光

大多數經濟體預期要到2021年中後期,方能恢復到疫前的實質本地生產總值水平,失業率則維持在平均線上。因此,儘管實施進取的刺激措施,繼續擴張,亦會在較後時間才呈現通脹壓力。經濟合作與發展組織曾預測,37個發達國家在2020年內的經濟收縮為5.5%,全球經濟增長則下調4.2%。衰退困境近百年一遇,令人憂慮。

拜登政府上場剛過1個月,美國能否在世界經濟重拾領軍地位,驅動各國邁向經濟復甦,仍是未知之數。反觀中國因能有效控制疫情,生產力和經濟活動恢復得最快。國家統計局公布的多項數據顯示,2020年中期國內經濟已呈現V形反彈,5月份消費物價指數按年上漲2.4%。加上國內國外雙循環的經濟策略,中國經濟可謂一枝獨秀,有望帶領全球經濟向上。

重重圍困有待突破

聚焦本港,根據特區政府統計處在上月底發布2020年的本地生產總值(GDP)估計數字,第四季較上年同期實質下跌3%,全年GDP則按年實質下跌6.1%【註1】。政府去年先後推出多項紓困措施,總值逾3000億元,以致財政儲備降至約8000億元,相當於政府13至14個月的經常開支,接近2003年「沙士」後的水平。預料財政刺激方案將逐步撤除;為減輕財政壓力,政府亦應設法開源。

按統計處資料,失業率由2019年12月的3.7%飆升至2020年第四季的6.6%,失業人數超過24萬;2020年10月至2021年1月,失業率更達7%,失業人數25.3萬,創16年來新高。勞工及福利局局長羅致光估計本年第一季失業率或會升至7.2%才見頂,這將低於2003年8.5%的頂峰;失業率預計在下半年經濟好轉後才會回落。

另一方面,貧窮問題持續惡化。統計處指出,2019年香港整體的貧窮人口為149萬,比2018年增加了9萬,貧窮率由20.4%升至21.4%。縱使這或與人口高齡化有關,但2016至2018年間,青年貧窮率卻連續3年錄得升幅,為數90100人,佔總貧窮人口8.8%。

新部署扭轉乾坤

放眼國際社會,歐美政府紛紛實施低利率量寬政策,不排除會產生資產泡沫爆破而觸發金融危機,加上保護主義和單邊主義乘勢興起,國際貿易和投資大幅萎縮,全球經濟、科技、政治均面臨巨變。

環球經濟短期內能否避免衰退,取決於以下因素:疫情的衝擊會否持續下去?各經濟體能否重建供應鏈以改善世界貿易?疫情會否結構性削弱勞工市場或對經濟需求造成永久結構性損失?

當前中國經濟已由高速增長階段轉向高質量發展階段,在國內國際雙循環策略下,香港經濟復甦則取決於以下幾個因素。當新冠疫苗廣泛接種後,預期經濟可快速恢復,市民消費可望彈力反彈。健康碼及檢疫措施若能全面落實,則可望在第二季末至第三季初與內地重新通關,而令零售及服務行業復甦。經濟重拾正軌有助特區政府解決貧富懸殊等老大難問題,正如筆者在本欄為文分析【註2】,政府必須重建置業階梯,以改善社會不均現象。

經歷兩年來內外交困,雖然外資未有明顯撤離香港的跡象,但西方國家以至鄰國如新加坡,均銳意吸納香港的人才、技術和資金。雖然本地的簡單低稅制、自由營商環境、完善的司法制度,仍然是吸引外資留港的重要元素,但特區政府不可掉以輕心。資金能否自由進出,也是外來投資者的重要考慮因素,畢竟國際金融中心定位取決於「信心」二字。如何鞏固跨國企業和國際投資者對香港作為亞洲國際都會的信心,實乃特區政府當務之急。

 

資料來源:Trade Weighted U.S. Dollar Index: Broad, Goods and Services (DTWEXBGS) | FRED | St. Louis Fed(檢索於2021年2月16日)

 

資料來源:^HSI 30,792.85 148.12 0.48% : HANG SENG INDEX – Yahoo Finance(檢索於2021年2月16日)

 

資料來源:Yahoo Finance – Stock Market Live, Quotes, Business & Finance News(檢索於2021年2月16日)

 

 

註1: 2020年第四季及全年本地生產總值及選定主要開支組成部分的預先估計數字按年

註2:2020年1月29日〈新年新象 逆境自強〉,2019年10月23日〈重建置業階梯 收窄貧富差距〉,謝國生,《信報》

 

謝國生 港大經管學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

(本文同時於二零二一年二月二十四日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄。)

 

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