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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
The One-Person Company in the Age of AI: Opportunity, Commoditisation, and the Moat

The One-Person Company in the Age of AI: Opportunity, Commoditisation, and the Moat

27 Mar 2026
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AI時代的一人公司:機會、內卷與護城河

2025年,被業界稱為「Agent元年」。 AI正在從輔助工具變成能自主決策的「虛擬合夥人」:過去需要團隊協作完成的代碼開發、設計、文案等工作,現在可以由創始人編排一組AI Agent來完成。 與此同時,另一組數據同樣醒目:「結構性替代」正在發生,當下企業在逐步調整人力模型:用AI做更多事、用更少的人完成標準化流程。 隨著Claude Code、Qwen Code等AI自動化程式設計工具被廣泛使用,基層程式師崗位需求驟減。

裁員潮催生了創業潮。 根據Carta 2025年的數據,獨立創始人創立公司的比例從2019年的23.7%躍升至2025年上半年的36.3% ,六年間增長了53%。 在國內,2025年上半年一人公司新注冊數同比增長47%。 從上海臨港到北京中關村、從蘇州工業園到廣東佛山,各地政府爭相出臺扶持政策,打造OPC (One Person Company)專屬創業園區。 今年全國兩會上,「智慧經濟新形態」被首次寫入政府工作報告,一人公司正從邊緣現象走向政策聚光燈下。

一人即千軍:效率革命的誘惑

一人公司的核心魅力在於效率槓桿。 以往需要10個人做一周的工作,在24小時待機的AI智慧體助力下,只需幾天甚至幾個小時即可完成。 根據麥肯錫2025年報告,未來一個典型團隊可能只包含2至5名核心成員,卻能同時管理50至100個AI智慧體。 創業的啟動成本也前所未有地低,90%一人公司創業者的啟動資金低於500美金。 一個人、一台筆記本電腦,便可完成從產品設計、代碼開發到市場推廣的全鏈路閉環。

這一切聽起來令人振奮,但經濟學的冷水不得不潑一潑。

AI平權下的完全競爭陷阱

問題的關鍵在於:AI工具是普惠的。 你能用AI Agent搭建一間虛擬公司,別人同樣可以。 當技術工具變成人人可得的基礎設施,它降低的就不僅僅是你的成本,而是整個市場的進入門檻。 AI已經將創建和運營一家科技公司的關鍵生產要素商品化了。

從微觀經濟學的角度看,這正是完全競爭市場的經典特徵:大量賣者提供同質化產品,進入和退出幾乎無壁壘。 在這樣的市場結構中,短期利潤會吸引新進入者,供給增加推動價格下降,直到均衡利潤趨近於零。 這就是大家口中的「內卷」。 不是因為大家不夠努力,而是市場結構決定了努力的回報被無限稀釋。 數據也印證了這一擔憂:創業成功率大約只有10%,80%的創業公司生存時間不超過3年。 AI並不改變這一鐵律。

護城河:從「能做」到「難以複製」

因此,一人公司的勝負手不在於「能不能用AI」,而在於「能不能用AI做別人做不到的事」。 經濟學告訴我們,超額利潤只能來自差異化和不可替代性,也就是護城河。 這可以是獨特的行業知識與數據壁壘,可以是垂直領域的品牌信任,也可以是難以被模仿的創意能力。 北京中關村一位創業者研發的「AI+動畫」工具上線不到一年,憑藉差異化的AI工具配置,在與美、日同類產品競爭中佔據優勢。 關鍵不在於「一個人幹完所有活」,而在於「一個人知道什么值得幹」 。

政策扶持

各地扶持政策已經在起步。 北京中關村提供拎包入駐、租金減免、彈性算力等支援; 蘇州提出到2028年打造OPC社區超30個; 上海臨港推出辦公、住宿雙免的創新魔坊社區。 上海浦東新區提出針對新註冊一人公司提供最高30萬元的免費算力。 這些措施解決了「從零到一」的問題,但還不夠。

完全競爭市場的解法只有兩條路:要麼退出,要麼製造差異。 政策的角色,正是幫助創業者走第二條路。 要真正降低內卷,政策需要從三個方向發力。 第一,促進差異化而非同質化競爭。 各地紛紛啟動的OPC社區在結構和服務上高度趨同,未能基於各自優勢差異化發展。 政府應引導不同城市聚焦不同垂直賽道,避免千城一面。 第二,強化知識產權保護。 在數位經濟時代複製極為容易,需要建立區塊鏈可追溯的成果保護機制。 沒有產權保護,創新者的超額利潤會被瞬間抹平。 第三,搭建協作生態而非孤立工位。 當前政策幾乎都停留在「基礎配套」,沒有推動OPC與本地產業鏈、供應鏈深度融合。 一人公司需要的不僅是一張辦公桌,更是訂單、場景和上下游資源的連接。

一人公司是AI時代最激動人心的組織實驗,但它不是烏托邦。 經濟學的基本規律不會因為技術革命而失效,而一人公司最終比拼的,不是誰的 Agent 跑得更快,而是誰對「什麼值得做」看得更準。 當人人都能低成本創業,真正的競爭才剛剛開始。

章逸飛博士
港大經管學院經濟學高級講師

(本文同時于二零二六年三月二十七日載于《FT中文網》「明德商論」專欄)

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