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Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
The Hidden Secrets Behind Hong Kong Stock Privatizations

The Hidden Secrets Behind Hong Kong Stock Privatizations

29 Oct 2025
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港股私有化暗藏的玄機

繼上市不足3年半的譚仔國際,在今年2月由日本母公司東利多控股提出私有化之後,滙豐集團亦於本月9日公布,建議私有化創立於1933年的恒生銀行。換言之,恒生成為滙豐全資子公司後,其超過50年的上市地位將被撤銷。

退市背後的決策

香港交易及結算所有限公司(港交所)資料顯示,近5年來每年平均有21家上市公司因私有化退市。以金額計算,去年私有化的16家港股公司市值達1,226億元,高於首次公開招股(IPO)的集資金額。

在股票市場的私有化,通常指一家上市公司的控股股東或第三方(其他投資者或金融機構)以現金或證券的方式,向所有股東購買全數股份。私有化的原因涵蓋以下5方面。

一、商業保密及成本考量

企業要維持上市地位,每年的固定支出不在少數,包括監管報告費用、資訊披露成本及交易所年費,私有化後則可一概免除。私人公司因無需公開敏感財務或業務細節,而可在競爭激烈的市場保持優勢。再者,槓桿收購作為私有化的一種重要方式,所涉及的負債利息支出可用來扣減應納稅額。稅務收益通常被視為補貼之類,實際上則是由政府和公眾埋單。

二、控制代理成本

私有化透過槓桿收購大幅舉債,促使企業使用自由現金流加以償還,由此可減低管理層的潛在不當投資或浪費行為。自由現金流量縮減與推高債務的財務槓桿水平,有利於降低代理成本。 同時,公司轉為私人持有後,股權集中於少數大股東或管理層,因而有動機作出有效監督,避免了股權分散時的弊病,例如監督成本高。

三、解決「搭便車」問題

在股權分散的公司,對管理層的監督是一種「公共財」(public good)。積極監督的股東付出高成本,反而無法獨享收益,其他股東卻因可成為經濟學上所謂「搭便車者」(free rider),而降低監督意願。企業除牌後,則可能由單一機構或少數股東掌握大權,也就較為容易克服搭便車的問題。

事實上,以公司決策過程而言,無疑更有效率。重要的計劃毋需過於詳盡的研究或向董事會報告,管理層的決策變得快速有效,並得以專注於公司的長遠發展、非核心業務的重組,以至較高風險的轉型投資。

四、財富轉移效應

私有化股權價值的增加,可能基於財富從其他人(如債權人、特別股股東、僱員以及政府)轉移給股東。公司經私有化後,或會為追求更大利潤而進行較高風險的投資項目,從而增加債權人和優先股股東的風險,但收益卻主要歸於股東。公司亦可能在私有化前提高股息發放,將部分公司的現金分配給股東,令公司留存的資本減少,結果損害債權人和優先股股東的利益。

五、資訊不對稱與股價低企

私有化過程中,管理層因較一般投資者掌握更多關於公司價值的資訊,而能以低於公司實際價值的價格收購公司;內部人士又或利用會計和財務技巧壓低股價,而以低於實際價值的價格完成收購。大眾投資者往往著眼於短期收益,而低估具長期投資價值的公司。市況愈差,股價與資產價折讓就會愈大,而折讓愈大,私有化機會亦愈大。細價股以及規模較小的地產股,均較有機會提出私有化。

當股價不及資產淨值,私有化可讓控股股東以相對低的成本回購資產。以阿里巴巴為例,集團在2007年將旗下B2B業務(阿里巴巴網絡有限公司)在香港上市,發行價為13. 5元。後因業務增長乏力,加上股價持續低迷,集團於2012年同樣以13. 5元私有化上市部分。阿里巴巴在2014年在美國紐約交易所掛牌,至2019年港交所允許「同股不同權」公司上市,阿里巴巴同年重返香港上市。

私有化交易成敗互見

2024年,本港私有化的上市企業為數共16家。近期在港交所撤銷上市地位的公司,包括在2019年掛牌的ESR集團。去年年底,集團創辦人與國際金融機構聯手組成財團,以每股13元收購ESR所有流通股;私有化交易總值為552億元。

提出私有化一方表示,ESR銳意轉型為輕資產平台,聚焦新經濟領域。由於有關策略或會造成短期獲利波動,決議應避免公開市場的短期壓力及上市規則的限制,以便業務達致轉型目標。

與此同時,企業私有化亦不乏失敗案例,原因之一是許多私有化方案的價格遠高於公司資產淨值折讓,難獲獨立股東接納。此外,有方案須經出席表決的獨立股東大多數通過,而表決投票往往令私有化建議功敗垂成。

本年4月,迪生創建大股東潘廸生提出以每股7.2元私有化,較當時市價有逾五成溢價,但仍低於公司去年每股資產淨值9.05元。再者,公司持有大量現金,令部分股東投下反對票。最終在7月舉行的法院會議上,因反對票達10. 16%,而未能滿足私有化條件。

退市挑戰與生機並存

上市公司私有化難免面臨挑戰。首先,交易完成後可能限制公司的融資渠道,因為私人企業無法通過發行或增發股份以進行大規模融資,資金來源僅能依賴銀行貸款或私募,靈活性大為降低。其次,或會損害小股東利益。若收購價錢不合理,又或大股東利用優勢地位壓低收購價,將不利於散戶與小股東的合理權益。

回顧本世紀以來,多家港資銀行先後易手【表】,例如招商銀行在2008年以193億元收購永隆銀行;2013年,廣東大型國企越秀集團,宣布以116億元收購廖創興家族的創興銀行75%股權。時至今日,純港資銀行只剩東亞銀行、大新銀行,以及並無上市的大生銀行。

表:千禧年後銀行併購

2000年東亞收購第一太平銀行
2003年永亨收購浙江第一銀行;工銀亞洲收購華比富通銀行
2004年台灣富邦金控收購港基銀行股權
2006年大眾金融收購亞洲商業銀行
2008年招商銀行收購永隆銀行
2013年越秀集團收購創興銀行
2014年華僑銀行收購永亨銀行

 

至於是次滙控決定將恒生私有化,外界認為既能處理恒生壞帳,亦能有效精簡集團在香港的業務架構,理順決策流程,並提高靈活性。滙豐表明,在交易完成後,將暫停股票回購3個季度,以保留資金。雖然此舉將令滙豐股東的總回報(包括股息及回購)受壓,市場預期短期內股價或下跌,但私有化長遠將帶來正面影響。

一待恒生私有化,滙豐可望提升效率,並且透過整合業務、人力資源、客戶網絡以實現協同效應。儘管恒生的品牌、分行日後將獲保留,兩家銀行在管理及決策上無疑更趨緊密。隨着全球銀行業進一步面臨地緣政治及監管壓力,此舉將標誌香港金融業邁向新時代,甚至有望開創亞洲銀行業整合的潮流。

謝國生教授
港大經管學院金融學教學副教授、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

何敏淙
香港大學附屬學院講師

(本文同時於二零二五年十月二十九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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