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Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
The future of Hong Kong education

The future of Hong Kong education

20 May 2021
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未來的香港教育

隨着時代發展,學校裏學到的知識容易變得過時,同時互聯網的普及化,又提供了前所未有的學習機會,未來的教育會是怎麼樣的?由經濟合作與發展組織(OECD)出版的Back to the Future of Education: Four OECD Scenarios for Schooling一書中,提出了四個不同的假設情景給我們思考。第一是假設未來形勢基本不變,正規教育繼續擴張,配合其他方面的轉變。另外三種假設情景就較為新穎,甚至帶點天方夜譚的感覺,包括「教育外判」(education outsourced)、學校轉型(schools as learning hubs)及隨時學習(learn-as-you-go);這意味着傳統的學校制度瓦解,學習變得多樣化、個人化。到底香港未來的教育會變成怎樣?這是一個與當前社會息息相關的問題。

5月14日,香港大學經管學院與香港經濟及商業策略研究所合辦「香港經濟前景展望」研討會,內容涵蓋五大範疇,筆者負責主持最後有關教育、社會平等及流動性的討論環節,由黃英琦女士、程介明教授、陳易希先生和院長蔡洪濱教授先後發言。雖然歷時短短一個小時,內容卻極其豐富,筆者在這裏作一個扼要的介紹,並分享一些個人感想。

時代變了

黃英琦女士指出,過去和未來的不同之處,可以歸納為下列四點:第一,生育率下降導致老年化,社會的需求隨人口結構改變,人要為壽命延長後的日子妥作安排。第二,氣候突變改變全球。第三就是我們將永遠處於beta狀態,猶如電腦軟件的試用版(beta version),許多事情都變動不居,難以定格。第四,舊工作消失,新工作隨之出現。

黃女士提出應該尊重學生的好奇心,教育要多元化,要培養學生的創業精神,以後大學聯招的名額應該大為削減,騰出名額招收來自不同學習背景的學生。要發展出多樣性的教育,還須靠相關活動帶動,目前她就正在進行一項由賽馬會贊助的項目,培訓一批休學10星期的老師,讓他們回到學校之後,在教學上加以創新。

程介明教授補充解釋學習和教育的區別,學習(learning)是人類與生俱來的天性,而教育(education)或教育制度,則是西方工業化後的產物,是社會為個人而設的。時代變了,教育也應該改變。現在教育有待改進的地方,首先是沒有保護和鼓勵學生的好奇心。他打了一個比方,說我們需要的是二十一世紀的教育,可惜大學當局和老師抱持的卻仍是二十世紀的思維,而家長的想法更停留在十九世紀!

知行之別

陳易希先生介紹了他自己的個人經歷,小時候學業成績十分差勁,但是特具好奇心,對發明很感興趣。在開明的家庭和友善的老師鼓勵下,參與各種比賽,一步一步自我提升。他又分享了自己的學習心得,包括怎樣通過親身經歷去提高能力,例如在發明過程中發現自己在數學方面的不足,或如何努力鍛煉溝通技巧,把腦海中的意念清晰向別人表達等等,而不是僅僅學習學校規定的課程,這也許就是程教授所說的「知」(knowing)和「行」(doing)的分別,教育應要幫助學生提高「行」的能力,而非只幫他們「知」,畢竟今時今日,同學用谷歌在網上搜尋一番,就已幾乎無所不知。

蔡洪濱院長表達了他對本地教育和整體社會的樂觀看法,不過他也慨嘆作為金融中心,香港在教育和研究發展方面仍遠遠及不上國際水平。2016年,香港花在教育的公共開支僅佔本地生產總值(GDP)3.3%,低於OECD平均5.1%和以色列5.8%的水平。研發開支更只佔GDP的0.8%,反觀以色列的相應佔比高達4.5%。鑑於以色列與香港相比,同樣天然資源不足,人口規模亦相若,他深信若當局能增撥教育和研發經費,定當有利於本港經濟的長遠發展。

筆者對於當日各嘉賓表現出的熱誠十分佩服,也極為贊同他們的看法,這裏補充幾點個人的意見。第一,多樣化是好的,但這些改變往往對資源充足者裨益較大。互聯網的發達,的確讓一些有準備的人更方便更好地學習知識,但是對於條件不足者,這些變化會否拉闊貧富學生之間在學習表現的差別?通過12年學校教育,再經香港中學文憑考試(HKDSE)進入大學,仍然是家境清貧子弟最可靠而又力所能及的出路,若把基於HKDSE成績取錄的大學名額大幅縮減,是否有違公平原則?這些問題都是在教育改革中所必須考慮的。

第二,筆者設想,未來的香港教育界仍將有一批主流學校,其中雖然都會注入新元素,但其大部分課程和教授方式大概與以往相近,而同時增加的非主流學校,其課程和辦學方式,卻可能會與主流學校相當不同。筆者認為教育改革宜「貪新不忘舊」,「貪新」指勇於大膽嘗試,「不忘舊」就是不必一窩蜂革新,值得保留的舊方法就應該加以保留,同時認真研究怎樣在已有的基礎上做得更好。

第三,筆者十分認同好奇心的重要,但是認為也應該重視培養健全人格。生命中難免遇到或大或小的逆境,其中只有部分純屬不幸,而一般來說,希望愈大,挫折愈大。如果沒有應付逆境的能力,就不能走得遠。此外,我們也須具備知難而退的智慧,雖說天生我才必有用,但是大多數人從定義上來說都是平庸的,舉例說我是一個五音不全的人,卻有成為偉大音樂家的心願,要社會上設法成全我這個夢想,就是一種浪費,對我也是一種誤導。如果好奇心是人的一條腿,那麼健康的心理質素和智慧則是另一條腿,我們靠兩條腿才能走路,一條腿是走不遠的。

未來的教育將會是怎樣的?筆者認為它很可能是目前教育制度的延伸,但是一定會加入很多新成份,社會各界人士的參與也肯定會增加。程教授根據自己的發現,呼籲與會者思考如何在這個過程中作出貢獻,本文讀者也不妨細想他的心聲。

 

趙耀華 港大經管學院副教授

(本文同時於二零二一年五月十九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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