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Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Taste of Free Lunch: The Impact of Free Product Disclosure on Review Dynamics

Taste of Free Lunch: The Impact of Free Product Disclosure on Review Dynamics

17 Oct 2024
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免費午餐的味道:免費産品披露對評論系統的影響

鄧熠璞、雷驍、殷奕瑉:標注「免費獲得産品」的評論能够促進評論社區的活躍度和有效性,這種現象源于用戶閱讀此類評論之後的反駁效應。當免費標簽評論的質量不高時,它會觸發其他用戶發表更深入、更真實的反饋,進而提高平台整體評論系統的質量和可靠性。

在數字化時代,在綫評論已成爲消費者購買决策的關鍵參考。爲了提升評論數量和質量,衆多平台不惜投入重金,如聘請專家撰寫評論或邀請優質評論者。不過,這些高成本策略難以廣泛推行。與此同時,商家爲了增加好評,頻繁采取打折、返現甚至贈送産品等手段,導致虛假評論泛濫,削弱了平台信息的可信度。美國聯邦貿易委員會發出指引,建議商家披露與評論者之間的物質關係【注1】。亞馬遜平台則普遍禁止一般用戶,爲商家提供的折扣或免費産品撰寫評論【注2】。在有限許可的情况下,獲得免費産品或折扣的用戶仍需清楚披露其評論爲促銷內容【注3】。

這些措施旨在確保評論的透明度,提醒消費者保持警覺,防止被不實好評欺騙。相較之下,全球最大的電腦游戲平台Steam在2016年更新了顧客評論系統,新增功能,讓用戶在撰寫評論時可選擇是否公開其産品是免費獲得的,而此類評論會被特別標上「免費獲得的産品」的標簽(這類評論後續簡稱爲「免費標簽評論」)【注4】。

免費産品獲取聲明的獨特之處

與其他台臺的强制披露政策相比,Steam的用戶評論操作具以下特點:

  1. 自願性:用戶可選擇是否公開自己免費獲得産品的信息,這種自主性理論上增强了評論的可信度。
  2. 非直接利益關聯:用戶可能通過抽獎或朋友贈送等方式免費獲得産品【注5】,這意味著評論者與商家未必存在直接利益關係,更有可能保持客觀。
  3. 部分專業評測的參與:部分第三方專業評測員的評論大多被標注爲「免費標簽評論」【注6】。

因此,這一標簽既是免責聲明,表明因免費獲取産品而帶來的潜在偏見,也可能是高質量專業評論的標志。理論上,該操作應當提高平台的透明度和整體信息價值。然而,事實真的是這樣嗎?

實際情况遠比理論設想複雜得多。「免費標簽評論」的數量占比較少,對社區評論質量的直接影響有限,然而,這些評論後續引發的連鎖效應,反而對評論系統的整體有效性帶來更大影響。實踐中,不同平台對于免費産品的評論也有不同的政策。除了Steam的自願披露方式,在大衆點評的「霸王餐」免費體驗活動,參加用戶所寫的評價則會被平台自動標記爲「免費試評價」。不過,仍有很多平台不會對獲免費産品的用戶評論進行特別處理。

低質量的「免費標簽評論」反而更能促進評論社區活力

研究發現,「免費標簽評論」可以顯著增加後續評論數量和有效性。這幷非因爲免費産品披露政策提高了評論透明度,而是利用了其他用戶對評論潜在偏見的敏感性。筆者的研究揭示了一個有趣的現象:低質量的「免費標簽評論」反而能激發更多的用戶參與評論。

具體來說,當「免費標簽評論」顯得有失公正時,往往會激發在綫上社群的自我調整機制,激勵更多用戶發表見解,一些活躍用戶尤其傾向發表更充分的批判性評論,以糾正帶有偏見的評論。這種「矯正性」反饋不僅增加了評論的總體數量,同時了提升後續評論的質量,有效增强了整個評論系統的信息價值。

自願的免費産品披露政策:平台可采納的低成本策略

自願的披露政策爲平台提供了一種靈活且低成本的管理手段,尤其適合那些預算有限、無法通過促銷吸引大量評論的小型商家或是評論匱乏的評論社區。該政策幷不限于游戲行業,也同樣適用于餐飲、酒店等服務行業。研究證實,自願的披露政策能鼓勵用戶積極、主動參與評論,提升評論系統的有效性,構建更公正透明的評論生態,從而减少對傳統評論激勵機制或專業評論員的依賴。

話雖如此,對商家而言,這種能帶來更多評論的「免費午餐」亦是一把「雙刃劍」,隨時可能暴露産品問題。如果産品的質量有問題,增加評論則可能會以負面反饋爲主,這對商家的聲譽構成挑戰。因此,免費産品披露政策在提升平台透明度的同時,也可促使商家更注重傾聽消費者反饋,推動産品質量提升。

本文作者爲港大經管學院創新及資訊管理學助理教授鄧熠璞、港大經管學院創新及資訊管理學助理教授雷驍和港大經管學院博士生殷奕瑉。文章基於三位最近共同撰寫的論文:“Taste of Free Lunch: The Impact of Free Product Disclosure on Review Dynamics”。

注1:https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/resources/featuring-online-customer-reviews-guide-platforms

注2:https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?ref_=hp_left_v4_sib&nodeId=G3UA5WC5S5UUKB5G

注3:https://www.amazon.com/-/zh/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=GDSRWWGGRA2JXSNZ

注4:https://store.steampowered.com/oldnews/21695

注 5:https://x.com/SteamGamesPC/status/1737442946696306935

注6:https://steamcommunity.com/profiles/76561198246234164/recommended/1465460/

(本文同時於二零二四年十月十七日載於《FT中文網》「明德商論」專欄)

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