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Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Rebuilding Housing Ladder to Narrow the Wealth Gap

23 Oct 2019
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重建置業階梯 收窄貧富差距

一直以來,香港公共房屋政策都側重於透過提供公共租住房屋(下稱「公屋」),以解決社會的居住問題,卻忽略如何優化公屋政策來幫助租戶,尤其是年輕一代的置業需求,以致本地貧富懸殊問題日益嚴重。雖然公屋有助滿足低收入家庭的需求,但同時間亦把其中龐大的土地價值封鎖,租戶無法分享,未能隨着整體經濟增長而共享繁榮。

行政長官林鄭月娥於剛發表的2019年《施政報告》中指出,如重推「租者置其屋計劃」(租置計劃),短期內將令可供編配的公屋單位數目減少而延長輪候時間,故此暫時難以實行;但政府會盡快把目前在39個租置計劃屋邨中約4.2萬個未出售單位放售,平均定價約為評估市值的二折。若能悉數售出,香港整體置業率可望由2018年的49.2%微升至50.8%。但距離七成置業率的理想目標尚遠。

解封資產之道

報告亦宣布放寬首次置業按揭保險計劃的樓價上限,由現時最高九成按揭貸款的樓價上限400萬元及最高八成按揭的上限600萬元,分別調高至800萬元及1000萬元。以目前最優惠利率5.375%減2.75%為按揭利率,還款期30年計算,則一個樓價為800萬元的單位每月還款約需3萬元。假設置業住戶每月收入須為還款額雙倍,亦即月入需達6萬元。

放寬按揭樓價上限足令各專業界別的青年受惠,但對於大多數一般性行業的青年來說,踏上置業階梯的目標仍然遙不可及。要幫助低收入的公屋輪候家庭置業,則可提供「可租可買」或「先租後買」的期權。

租置計劃的原意是確保低收入公屋租戶可以擁有自己的物業,縮減本地貧富差距,為社會累積及創造財富。根據香港大學王于漸教授今年年初的研究分析,租置計劃更可帶動自置物業住戶的勞動參與率,提升家庭收入,促進家庭穩定性,並且創造整體經濟效益。但這些置業住戶如何可從中分享社會所累積的財富?關鍵在於以下兩方面。

首先,容許通過公開市場轉售公屋,從而釋放公營房屋的土地價值。按團結香港基金的估算,有關價值高達38990億元,相當於2016年本地生產總值的1.5倍【表】。如果政府加以解封,還富於民,不但對貧富懸殊問題產生立竿見影之效,更有助紓緩社會矛盾。

再者,鎖定居者有其屋(居屋)和租置計劃單位的補價。政府資助出售房屋的流轉率近乎零,主因是補地價制度與公開市場的市值掛鈎,補地價金額隨樓價上升,大大窒礙了此等單位的流轉率,無助改善公屋資源錯配的問題。團結香港基金的資料顯示,2017年,在32萬個居屋單位中,有77%未補地價,而13.5萬個租置單位中,未補地價比例更達99%。故此,為協助業主補地價而成為「真業主」,政府應考慮把現有及新落成單位的補價鎖定在單位出售當日市值,以免隨樓市上升。

政治取向關鍵

2019年年初,美國史丹福大學學者Andrew Hall及Jesse Yoder發表研究報告,發現置業有助促進個人參與地方選舉,若是關乎切身政策規劃的選舉,業權人的投票率更大幅增加兩倍。業權對政治參與度的影響力亦隨一己房價上升而增加。這項研究顯示,個人經濟境況對政治理念和行為影響顯著,而已置業者所以對美國政治別具影響力,部分原因在於坐擁物業,往往令人關心政治,積極參與。

香港樓價自九七回歸以來,一直影響市民對生活的滿意度,以至其對政府的信任程度。舉例來說,不少市民懷疑官商勾結,甚至不相信政府真有決心遏抑樓價不斷上漲,有關情況因年齡組別而異。本地學者Kevin Wong、Victor Zheng及Po-san Wan在2016年的研究發現,樓價較高雖會增加市民的政治信任,但對行政長官的評級卻有負面影響,25歲以下年輕人更因而減低對政府的滿意度。換言之,最近20年來的經濟發展及樓價趨勢,未能為年輕人帶來明朗的前景。

2016年,Castro Campos等人的研究更發現,只有18%的大學生有信心在可見將來置業;資產價格的上漲遠遠超過了教育或人力資本的回報。即使是教育程度及收入高的年輕人,也會對自身財務前景感到悲觀。現實是大多數大學畢業生並不富裕,其工資增長遠遠落後於樓價升幅,只能望樓興嘆。更有甚者,他們因工資水平超出輪候公屋的資格,而被困在資產價格上漲和教育收益下降的夾縫中,久而久之,難免會被迫在政治上傾向激進,本土主義應運而生。

置業與政治取向有莫大關連,施政方向錯誤,更足以動搖到社會的長遠穩定。當前社會的政治爭拗,主要出現在年輕人和中老年人,以及已置業和未置業者之間。就這一點Wong及Wan在2018年的研究清楚指出,雖然收入水準和教育程度對其政治取向沒有明確影響,30歲以下的年輕人普遍支持本土派,而在本港出生者一般傾向支持泛民而非本土或建制派。同時,相對於未置業者,已置業者大都贊同和踴躍投票支持建制派而非泛民或本土派。

撥亂反正契機

滿足房屋需求是政府一直面對的難題。基於人口不斷增加,為改善本地居住環境,房屋協會在1960年代興建了超過18000個公屋單位,遍布港島、九龍及新界。1970年代的房屋階梯有利於社會穩定和經濟成功,讓市民累積財富及分享繁榮;隨着大型私人屋苑陸續落成,昔日公屋家庭較易上游到私樓階層。

80年代開始,中國經濟改革及對外開放以至全球化現象,香港人財富以至對私人樓宇的需求日增,導致香港樓價飆升,公屋租戶和私樓業主戶的財富差距開始擴大。樓市炒風延續至1997年亞洲金融風暴前夕,即使家庭收入與樓市升勢完全脫軌,樓價仍持續上揚,市民無法置業。直至2003年,樓價下跌逾六成【圖】,以致衍生十多萬個負資產戶,市民置業需求亦隨之下滑。

2004至2008年間,政府減少土地供應,私樓落成量低,樓價重拾升軌。但2008年金融海嘯期間,樓價一度大跌三成。後來大量熱錢流入,本地樓價不斷飛升,家庭收入中位數則停滯不前,以致房屋階梯斷裂,低收入家庭向上流動無望。已置業家庭則繼續累積財富,貧富懸殊因而加劇。沒有資產的青年對現實不滿而前景又不明朗,深化社會矛盾;近月以來,更因反修例風波觸發示威浪潮,釀成社會分歧白熱化。特區政府能否重建置業階梯,為年輕一代人帶來新希望,無疑是房屋政策的重中之重。

【表】公營房屋封鎖的土地價值

公營房屋單位數量按租置計劃及居者有其屋單位二手市場價格計算的房屋估值(億元)按公開市場價格計算的房屋估值

(億元)

房屋資本的預計增加價值  (億元)
租住公屋759,000029,54029,540
租置計劃130,0002,0305,0703,030
居者有其屋251,0009,12015,5306,410
所有公營房屋1,140,00011,15050,13038,990
佔2016年本地生產總值份額44.8%201.3%156.5%

資料來源:團結香港基金

【圖】樓價、租金及家庭收入

資料來源:政府統計處

謝國生博士
香港大學經濟及工商管理學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

(本文同時於二零一九年十月廿三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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