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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Lessons Learned from AltaVista. Don’t Miss a Golden Opportunity

21 Nov 2018
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汲取AltaVista教訓 避免錯失良機

4年前開始教授網絡經濟學(Network Economics),主要內容包括基礎理論:圖論(Graph Theory)、對策論(Game Theory)、配對市場、網絡中的議價和權力、萬維網的結構、連結分析和網絡搜尋、贊助搜尋市場。

修讀此課的學生須要寫一篇學期論文(還有其他評核),論文的目的是培養學生的自學能力和讓他們發揮創意,所以論文的題目由學生自定,內容是由學生提倡一個圖論和對策論有趣的應用,唯獨是論文不能過長(少於3000字)。

首個真正優秀的搜索引擎

對策論在現代經濟學不可或缺。網絡經濟學強調網絡中的錯綜複雜關係,要分析當中的經濟行為,對策論的應用尤其重要。圖論的基本應用是把當中的關係作出有系統、明確的描述。

Google的首席經濟學家Hal Varian引述John Battelle的書The Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture;書中指出在Google出現之前,網絡搜尋並未借助圖論,不是主流,而主流是用目錄把網站分類(表表者是Yahoo),助用家在網上尋找資料。

書中第三章講述在Google出現之前,其他公司如何助用家在網上瀏覽。這些公司有過它們輝煌的時刻,有些最後消失,有些仍然在行業中佔一席位,但成就卻遠遠不及Google。香港的創新科技落後於人,現在急起直追。在創新科技領域,模仿別人的成功不會成功,但汲取別人的教訓卻可避免犯同一錯誤。這些公司的經驗,或可助香港減少犯錯,走少些冤枉路。

Battelle形容AltaVista為「第一個真正優秀的搜索引擎」,AltaVista由Louis Monier建立,他當時是DEC's Western Lab的一名研究員。DEC是一家迷你電腦(minicomputer)公司,主要業務是製造硬件。DEC擁有尖端科技,在九十年代中製造了一個超高速處理器Alpha,可惜當時迷你電腦正被個人電腦取替,但DEC意圖力挽狂瀾,急於證明Alpha的威力,以宣傳DEC硬件優勝之處。

在此形勢下,DEC為Monier提供機會,讓他利用Alpha建立搜尋引擎。由於Alpha速度驚人,Monier可以高速抓取網頁資料(包括網址和內容)和建立索引(其他搜尋引擎大多只能為網址建立索引)。Monier的索引約有1000萬份文件,相信十分接近當時萬維網的規模。他還用Alpha建立搜索介面,在DEC內部試行兩個月,證明DEC的硬件十分有效處理大量數據。

1995年12月15日,DEC讓公眾使用AltaVista(當時的索引超過1600萬份文件)。當天altavista.digital.com網站已吸引差不多300000次到訪,而在第一年,AltaVista已處理超過40億個查詢。到1997年,AltaVista更進一步,每天處理超過2500萬個查詢,更與Yahoo和AOL三國鼎立,成為網上3個最重要目的地(AltaVista更為Yahoo提供網上搜尋服務)。AltaVista的成功有賴Monier堅守原則,他堅持只須把搜尋功能做到最好。

但迷你電腦始終被個人電腦取替,DEC亦在1998年1月同意被對手Compaq收購。當時互聯網泡沫還未爆破,而AltaVista是一家不折不扣的互聯網公司,Compaq便把AltaVista改頭換面,透過不少收購,把AltaVista包裝成為類似Yahoo的門戶網站,企圖上市,賺取快錢。

Compaq的做法有違Monier的原則,他終於在1999年春天請辭。離開時他沒有AltaVista的股份,帶走的是一些回憶和一個寫有ALTVSTA的車牌。Monier很有個性,他後來拋下一句:「我寧願做一些有趣的事情,也不做一些無聊但可致富的事情。」

Monier離開後不久,Compaq找到比上市套現更快的途徑。在1999年6月,Compaq把AltaVista直接賣給一家互聯網控股公司CMGI,成交價23億美元。CMGI重施故伎,企圖把AltaVista包裝成為門戶網站上市,但互聯網泡沫在2000年初爆破,CMGI的AltaVista上市計劃亦兩次告吹。到2003年,CMGI把AltaVista以1.4億美元賣給Overture;Overture最終被Yahoo收購,Yahoo把AltaVista還原本來面目,但AltaVista已元氣大傷,被對手(Google)遠遠拋離。

Yahoo與八達通的錯誤

AltaVista的成功有賴Monier的堅持,但母公司DEC不懂審時度勢,只把AltaVista用作宣傳工具,展示公司硬件的威力。回望AltaVista的最好機會是DEC在1996年8月決定分拆AltaVista上市。AltaVista當時炙手可熱,分拆上市應該不難,還能籌集可觀資金,支持進一步發展業務,擴大收入基礎。很可惜,DEC後來重組,取消分拆AltaVista上市,最後DEC被Compaq收購,已成歷史。

Monier已經證明AltaVista不是小玩意,它與Yahoo和AOL三國鼎立,有實力在股票市場集資。香港的股票市場已經十分成熟,有實力的科技公司到香港上市理應不難,這是香港的優勢。但上市是雙刃刀,AltaVista的不幸,正是因為Compaq和CMGI先後急於上市套現,把它包裝成門戶網站,改變本質。

這方面香港有改善空間,有些熱門的首次公開招股項目錄得高倍數超額認購,而高倍數超額認購令很多投資者為認購而認購,忽視上市公司本質。香港交易所可參考政府分配iBond的做法,糾正投資者為認購而認購的行為。

書中第三章還提到另外兩個重要搜尋引擎:Lycos和Excite。它們犯的錯和AltaVista類似,證明汲取教訓,避免重蹈覆轍十分重要。同一章對Yahoo有較詳細的論述。雖然Yahoo也有搜尋功能,但搜尋並不是Yahoo的主要業務。Yahoo是門戶網站,本質是提供目錄功能。在其他搜尋引擎相繼犯錯時,Yahoo的錯是沒有進軍搜尋市場,錯失大好機會,留給對手Google很大空間發展。

Yahoo的故事我們應該很熟悉。八達通曾經是領先的電子貨幣,但可能八達通太成功,令它安於現狀,不思進取,沒有把握機會進軍流動支付市場。八達通本來有機會在香港獨佔流動支付市場,現在卻要面對其他強大對手,在此戰場掙扎求存。除了汲取別人的教訓,我們也要從自己的錯誤中學習,避免錯失良機。

程騰歡 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授
(本文同時於二零一八年十一月廿一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)​

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