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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Kowloon Walled City vs. Spider-Man: Business Models of Intellectual Property

Kowloon Walled City vs. Spider-Man: Business Models of Intellectual Property

29 May 2024
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九龍城寨的龍捲風 漫威英雄的蜘蛛網 如何打造常青的商業IP?

 

本月上映的香港動作電影《九龍城寨之圍城》,本地票房已突破7000萬元,內地票房超過5.5億元人民幣,躋身香港電影史上華語片總票房排名榜前列。當觀眾驚嘆於城內錯綜複雜的江湖傳奇,沉浸於巨星和新星的連場激鬥,甚至期待已宣布開拍的前傳和續集時,不妨探究一下這部電影的來歷。

余兒的《九龍城寨》小說在2008年出版,大獲好評;2010年由司徒劍僑改編為同名漫畫,比小說更受歡迎,並獲「第七屆日本國際漫畫賞受賞作品」。2016年,無限動力公司購買小說版權,經過3年左右拍攝,終於在2024年將小說搬上大銀幕。

同樣的城寨,同樣的人物,同樣的故事,由小說到漫畫再到電影,受眾愈來愈廣泛,商業價值也逐漸攀升。類似的知識產權(intellectual property;簡稱IP)商業運作在迪士尼、環球影業、索尼等全球娛樂巨頭比比皆是,其中最成功的公司莫過於漫威(Marvel)。成立於1939年的漫威擁有蜘蛛俠、鐵甲奇俠、變形俠醫等4700多個知識產權。

這些知識產權不僅在漫畫、電影、電視、電子遊戲中登場,還出現在兒童玩具、食品、衣服等消費品中。漫威在影視知識產權方面的成功運作,不僅反映在跨界領域,更體現於同一個知識產權所打造的不同商業模式,如何相輔相成,形成一個良性循環、持續發展的商業生態。

以家喻戶曉的蜘蛛俠系列為例,作為漫威最成功的知識產權,這位超級英雄從1977年起上映了11部電影,貢獻了接近90億美元全球票房收入。蜘蛛俠的影響力遠不止於影院,透過發展漫畫周邊產品,如蜘蛛俠的玩具,乃至印有蜘蛛俠的服裝、食品、文具,都讓漫威賺到盤滿缽滿。在商業知識產權層出不窮、消費者喜好難以預測的今天,漫威是如何令這個長者級知識產權保持年輕的呢?

漫畫作為研發搖籃

蜘蛛俠在1962年7月31日出版的漫畫書Amazing Fantasy裏首次亮相,從此蜘蛛俠漫畫就一直刊載,從未停止。雖然漫畫書市場非常小眾,消費者通常是年齡13至23歲的男性,年銷售額大約1億美元,但漫畫市場作為漫威的新產品研發中心,作用無可替代。

隨着消費者喜好的改變,蜘蛛俠的故事也要順應潮流。故事裏的新情節、新角色,在漫威投入更多資源搬上電影銀幕之前,都是通過成本風險較低的漫畫市場來先測試水溫。即便新情節、新角色失敗了,漫畫市場的損失也相對有限;一旦成功,漫威則可以放心大舉投資。

電影作為推廣跳板

大眾熟知的蜘蛛俠大多來自電影,每年夏天,電影院都少不了蜘蛛俠的影子。其實電影最大的投資方倒不是漫威,皆因對這家公司來說,蜘蛛俠電影的投資成本和風險過大,據報2023年《蜘蛛俠:飛躍蜘蛛宇宙》的攝製預算是1億美元,而市場推廣又用上1億多美元【註1】。因此,早在1999年,漫威就以700萬美元把蜘蛛俠的電影版權賣給索尼;從2016年開始,迪士尼也加入到拍攝蜘蛛俠電影的行列。

儘管漫威未必能從蜘蛛俠電影中分到最大一塊蛋糕,但是每一輪電影的宣傳活動,每一次蜘蛛俠電影票房大賣,都為蜘蛛俠這個知識產權做足了廣告,更維持了蜘蛛俠知識產權的熱度。

蜘蛛俠真正為漫威帶來巨大收益的是看似不起眼的消費品,包括玩具、食品、服裝、飾物等。但凡消費品上印有蜘蛛俠的形象,用到Spider-Man的名稱,漫威就要收取8%至30%的版權費。2003年,漫威在消費品上收取的版權費佔其總版權費的50%,平均每個消費品的版權為漫威帶來超過30萬美元的進賬【註2】。

周邊產品作為賺錢機器

漫威從未生產過任何消費品,但為了保障蜘蛛俠這個知識產權,所有消費品的製造商都必須提交有關產品的設計,以供審核。漫威在通過消費品實現一本萬利的同時,也保證了蜘蛛俠知識產權不被錯用或濫用。

不難發現,漫畫、電影和消費品這3大領域各司其職,亦即新產品研發中心、營銷宣傳中心和利潤中心,功效相得益彰。

只要新情節在漫畫市場受到歡迎,就被帶上大銀幕吸金;而電影宣傳又促使蜘蛛俠的知識產權大熱,從而增加了漫威在消費品上的版權收入。通過積極保障蜘蛛俠知識產權,漫威得以保持這個超級英雄長青不老。

美國有風靡世界的蜘蛛俠,冀望香港也能有立足於世的知識產權。九龍城寨電影的龍頭人物龍捲風,也許可以從蜘蛛俠身上借鑑知識產權商業運作的經驗,不僅在電影銀幕上帶火昔日的九龍城寨,更有機會重新引領香港獨特的文化席捲亞洲,甚至廣傳世界每一角落。

 

【註1】 : https://www.animationmagazine.net/2023/06/sonys-spider-man-across-the-spider-verse-passes-the-500-million-benchmark-worldwide/

【註2】 : Elberse, Anita (2011), “Marvel Enterprises, Inc. (Abridged) “, Harvard Business School cases

 

范亭亭博士
港大經管學院市場學高級講師

(本文同時於二零二四年五月二十九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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