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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Immense Development Potential in Sha Tau Kok Frontier Closed Area

20 Jun 2019
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沙頭角禁區潛力蓄勢待發

自《粵港澳大灣區發展規劃綱要》於今年2月中出爐後,深圳市口岸辦公室火速在5月中旬,宣布對深圳各口岸功能進行優化和調整,以提升深港融合;當中皇崗口岸、文錦渡口岸和沙頭角口岸將取消貨車通關及貨檢功能,過境貨檢將由西面的深圳灣口岸及東面興建中的蓮塘口岸負責,實行「東進東出,西進西出」。深圳方面將重建皇崗口岸,作為純旅檢通道,並擬與香港實施「合作查驗,一次放行」,實現「兩地一檢」。沙頭角口岸是另一個將被重建作純旅檢通道的口岸。

為配合口岸發展,香港將面對兩個問題︰一是在法律法規層面上的銜接;二是涉及更新查驗設施及設備的協同。香港是時候檢討邊境禁區的融合和需要。由於深圳計劃重建沙頭角口岸,這為沙頭角禁區開放提供一個黃金機會。

禁區歷史背景

沙頭角原橫跨中港兩地,範圍涵蓋深圳的鹽田區及部分新界北區。當中包括沙頭角村及著名的中英街,鄰近有打鼓嶺及坪輋。遍布在沙頭角及附近島嶼的鄉村,統稱為沙頭角鄉,人口以客家、鶴佬、蜑家和廣府人為主。全盛時期人口超過兩萬,鄉村數目超過60,居民以捕魚及務農為主要經濟活動。

區內保存歷史遺跡和傳統文化,包括清乾隆年間落成的鏡蓉書屋,樓高兩層,是少數專供教學用途的青磚書室,1991年獲香港政府列為法定古蹟;客家圍村的傳統習俗;以及已有300多年歷史的「魚燈舞」等。

1950年代初,港英政府基於圍堵中國、防止偷渡及打擊走私3個理由,把沙頭角列為邊境禁區。2012年2月15日起,為開發生態旅遊,帶動區內旅遊業,政府分兩個階段開放禁區。首階段縮減蓮麻坑至沙頭角段,以及米埔至落馬洲管制站分段的禁區。第二階段將於2020年初展開,把落馬洲管制站至梧桐河分段,以及梧桐河至蓮麻坑分段開放。沙頭角邊境禁區的面積,相應由原來的2800公頃大幅縮減至400公頃。

基於保安理由,特區政府繼續把中英街及沙頭角墟列為禁區,市民進入沙頭角墟,必須持有許可證,俗稱「禁區紙」。現時區內設施包括各式店舖、巴士總站等,便利居民的日常生活。

優厚發展條件

近年香港邊境禁區範圍日減,尚餘大約400公頃未被解封。隨着本地經濟起飛,鄉郊人口轉移,村落多已荒廢,目前只剩下37條鄉村,自上世紀五十年代初被列作禁區的沙頭角墟,尤其值得關注。

時至今日,沙頭角墟仍然缺乏直接海上交通,窒礙了整個新界北區的發展,隔斷了十多條經沙頭角出入村落的出路。完整的沙頭角墟荒廢多年,營商條件以至本地及鄰區就業通通欠奉。

儘管如此,作為處於兩地邊界的市鎮,沙頭角墟極具潛力發展成為邊境龍頭市鎮。

第一,沙頭角墟連接香港與深圳東部及粵東地區,位處區內交通樞紐;開放禁區,可以加強香港與深圳東部如鹽田區的連接。鹽田區的優勢包括有濱海旅遊、黃金珠寶產業及生態旅遊資源。藉着釋放人流、物流、資金流及訊息流,可惠及商貿、旅遊、科技及醫療等產業。

深圳有較完善的產業供應鏈,而香港方面則具創新優勢。中英街毗鄰深港兩地,沙頭角墟的地理優勢更有利於新市鎮發展,成為香港與粵東地區之間的中轉站。連同新界北區的蓮塘、香園圍、文錦渡及羅湖等口岸,沙頭角整體上蘊含口岸經濟帶的發展意義。

發展沙頭角可促進粵港兩地資源、技術、人才和服務的交流;作為邊境市鎮的試點之一,將來更能帶動鄰近地域的發展,從而有效利用周邊土地資源。開放沙頭角墟禁區定能釋放更多土地,紓緩當前香港土地嚴重缺乏的挑戰。

第二,沙頭角墟的「解禁」,可以帶動沙頭角海以東、大鵬灣西南海域,以吉澳為主的旅遊業。吉澳自清末便擁有「南海明珠」的稱譽,作為重要的海島市集,商貿繁盛,風光秀麗。其周圍的水域較為平靜,有潛力發展成為水上活動中心;島上有自來水供應及碼頭設施,具備發展基礎條件。

附近的印洲塘更是香港首批海岸公園之一,地質景觀豐富多彩。沙頭角碼頭是通往這些離島的交通要塞,但現時碼頭仍處於禁區範圍之內,進出皆受到限制。開放沙頭角墟禁區,即可刺激區內休閒以及生態旅遊業的發展。

沙頭角灣、大鵬灣及大亞灣連同新界沿海區域,具有獨特的海岸線風光,深圳方面亦計劃把這些灣區發展成國際黃金海岸旅遊帶,打造一個世界級的濱海生態旅遊度假區。

第三,沙頭角墟解禁和發展,有望加強附近偏遠鄉村(如荔枝窩)的基礎建設,改善民生。新界居民的一大呼聲是活化偏遠鄉村,國內如上海朱家角、浙江烏鎮等特色小鎮,結合旅遊、文化及生態等多元發展,可供香港參考。活化項目的渠道應以鄉民為主,以掌握傳統文化,與私營機構以互惠互利為合作基礎。

2012年2月15日,香港邊境禁區範圍再次縮減,沙頭角的6條鄉村得以解禁,因而釋放商機,塘肚村、新村及木棉頭村陸續興建旅遊景點。居民計劃分階段把42公頃土地闢作有機農莊,挖掘魚塘飼養有機鯇魚,以及開設氣槍靶場及野戰區等戶外活動場所。有機耕種農作方面,包括佔地20公頃的稻田,每月可生產30公噸菌類食品的蘑菇種植場,以及佔地5公頃的蘭花館,向本地酒店供貨。

政策方針導向

前任行政長官梁振英在《施政報告》中,提出要落實新農業政策,包括設立農業園和農業持續發展基金,期望透過政策和社會支持,使本地農業可以朝現代化、高增值方向持續發展,而此方針亦獲得現屆政府繼續支持。發展長遠目標包括申建民宿及酒店以開拓生態主題公園,再加上沙頭角沿海估計逾100公頃土地,可增闢蠔排、養殖龍蝦等。若計劃得以落實,預計可以創造超過1000個本地就業職位。

沙頭角公眾碼頭是全港最長的碼頭,街渡可穿梭來往附近的吉澳及鴨洲小島。沙頭角毗鄰八仙嶺及船灣郊野公園,加上鹿頸及流水響等郊遊景點,有充分條件推動當地的休閒和旅遊業。

綜合以上分析,放寬邊境政策有利香港與大灣區融合。隨着香園圍公路通車及蓮塘口岸即將開通,開放沙頭角禁區利多於弊,放寬禁區限制,有助發展區內生態旅遊,在帶動本土社區經濟的同時,亦可改善居民生活,長遠而言,更可增加土地供應,提升香港的持續發展優勢。

謝國生博士
香港大學經濟及工商管理學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

(本文同時於二零一九年六月十八日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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