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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
How Should Enterprises Respond to the Increasing Risks of Climate Change and Natural Disaster?

How Should Enterprises Respond to the Increasing Risks of Climate Change and Natural Disaster?

7 Aug 2024
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企業怎應對氣候變化和自然災害風險

 

隨着全球溫度變暖,極端炎熱的天氣日益嚴重,乾旱、山火等自然災害發生頻率愈來愈高。同時,溫度上升加劇水的蒸發,導致極端降雨以及颱風更加常見,氣候變化所導致的自然災害不斷增多。

根據中國國家應急管理部資料,2023年全年中國大約有9500萬人受到不同程度的自然災害影響,直接經濟損失超過3000億元人民幣。與過去5年的均值相比,房屋倒塌數量上升將近一倍,直接經濟損失上升13%。今年上半年,中國的洪澇災害和山泥傾瀉事故頻發,超過300人因災死亡或失蹤,緊急轉移安置達85.6萬人次。

極端天氣事件日益頻繁,不僅為人民生活帶來深重苦難和嚴重影響,亦為各行各業帶來了前所未有的挑戰。最近,筆者的研究團隊對中國所有上市公司以及其所有子公司的氣候災害風險進行評估,並研究了各種極端天氣(包括極端高溫、極端低溫、颱風、洪水、乾旱)如何影響這些企業的績效。

 

資產回報率下降

 

通過分析約4000家非金融上市公司和這些公司擁有的超過14萬家子公司近20年的資料,我們發現氣候災害對中國上市公司的負面影響很大。根據我們估算,中國每年因各種氣候災害導致企業平均資產回報率(ROA)降低了大約0.62個百分點,而中國企業的ROA在過去20年的均值大約是4.7%。

僅極端高溫每年就會令中國上市企業的ROA降低大約0.37個百分點。我們的研究估計,如果全國各地極端高溫天氣(日平均氣溫超過攝氏32度)增加10天,上市企業的ROA便會降低1.38個百分點。在此研究基礎上,我們還構建了「中國上市公司氣候相關風險指數」來衡量企業受到氣候災害的影響。

 

須預防供應斷鏈

 

這些極端氣候災害具體是怎樣影響企業的績效?眾所皆知的是,某些極端災害,例如洪水和颱風等,能夠直接導致生產中斷和設備損壞,從而影響企業的生產能力。在這些災害特別嚴重時,甚至可能導致供應鏈中斷,影響企業的生產計劃。我們的研究進一步發現,即使是那些不具有毀壞基礎設施能力的極端氣候風險,例如極端高溫和低溫,也會顯著影響企業的生產率。這主要是因為在極端溫度下,設備維修成本和應急措施成本都會提高;與此同時,員工的工作效率也會因為工作環境的不適而顯著降低。

此外,很多行業的收入是非常依賴於適合的自然條件。例如,在氣候惡劣時,人們外出需求減少,零售業和服務業的業績都會降低。最後,資本市場也更關注極端氣候災害對企業的影響。在那些自然災害頻發的地區,投資者因擔憂企業前景,從而影響企業在資本市場的表現,並導致其股價波動及融資成本上升等問題。

面對如此巨大的氣候災害成本,企業如何應對?企業如何能綜合提高其應對極端氣候災害的能力,以及降低各種氣候風險的影響?筆者認為,企業應該從氣候風險評估和管理、基礎設施建設、極端天氣監測預警、氣候保險和綠色生產等多方面着手。

首先,企業應該充分評估氣候變化和極端天氣對其生產和業務帶來的影響,以便制定應對預案。具體來說,企業需要綜合分析極端天氣可能對生產、供應鏈、員工生產率、設備營運效率、營收等方面帶來的負面影響,並制定相應對策。例如,採用多元化的供應商體系可以降低供應鏈中斷的風險,確保在面臨極端天氣時能夠及時調整生產計劃,減少損失。

其次,企業應該加強其基礎設施韌性,提高抗風險能力。例如,企業可對建築物、排水設施、應急供電等設施進行加固和升級,確保在極端天氣事件發生時能夠迅速恢復生產。此外,企業在新建工廠或分支機構時,其所在地理位置的氣候相關風險,也應該成為選址時的重要考量。

第三,企業的風險管理部門應該把極端天氣監測和預警納入工作範疇。企業的風險管理部門應該關注氣候變化和極端天氣的動態資訊,加強氣象預警服務,及時採取應對措施,以降低災害對企業的影響。與此同時,企業還需建立應急回應機制,加強與政府、行業協會,以及研究機構的合作,不斷總結應對氣候變化和極端天氣的經驗,調整和完善應對策略,確保企業在未來遇到氣候災害時能夠有效降低損失。

 

氣候保險減損失

 

第四,氣候保險也是企業應對氣候變化和極端天氣的重要手段。購買氣候保險可以為企業提供經濟保障,減輕相關損失。例如,市場已有多種保險產品覆蓋極端氣候災害對農業企業的影響。對工業企業而言,產業中斷保險、物業保險等都是其抵禦氣候風險災害的重要保險產品。

最後,除了努力適應氣候變化外,企業也應該以積極行動減緩氣候變化。例如,若有更多企業能在生產過程中推廣環保技術和採用能源效益較高的生產方式,以降低溫室氣體排放,我們將來面對的氣候風險災害將會顯著減少。同時,企業可加強內部培訓,提高管理層和員工對氣候變化和極端天氣的認識,培養綠色生產的意識。

企業也應該積極參與應對氣候變化的行動,與政府、社區、研究機構共同努力,推動減緩氣候變化的工作。這些行動,不僅有助於提高企業自身應對氣候風險時的能力,也會顯著提升其ESG表現,從而更受資本市場的青睞。

 

何國俊教授
港大經管學院經濟學教授、香港大學賽馬會環球企業可持續發展研究所所長

(本文同時於二零二四年八月七日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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