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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Finding Hong Kong’s Place in the World of English

Finding Hong Kong’s Place in the World of English

10 Jul 2024
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香港人說不好英語了嗎

 

香港人注重外界對香港的看法,自然關注各種世界排名。最令人振奮的是,這片彈丸之地的高等院校在多個世界大學排名榜都表現不俗,與歐美諸多名校幾可並駕齊驅。港人對此津津樂道之時,另一個教育排名卻鮮有人提,也就是英語水準的排名。

EF English First在去年年底公布2023年EF英語能力指標測試報告,在不包括英國、美國、加拿大、澳洲的113個國家和地區當中,香港名列29,在亞洲23個國家和地區中則排名第4,遠遜新加坡(全球排名第2,亞洲居首),也落後於菲律賓(全球排名第20,亞洲第2)和馬來西亞(全球排名第25,亞洲第3)【註1】。

上述測試結果對於曾是英聯邦掌上明珠、當下力爭國際大都會前茅的香港,自然不盡如人意。其中最令人憂心的是,18至20歲年齡組別的英文水平不斷滑坡,這跟筆者在香港大學任教的印象頗為吻合;觀乎經濟學、工商管理學、金融學的本科生當中,不少本港學生因為英語欠佳,以至上課沉默寡言、作業詞不達意,落後於國際學生和部分內地生。

一個人是否堪稱人才,一座城是否堪稱名城,不能單以英文水平來論英雄。在亞洲,與香港一般發達的地區,便有兩個迥然相異的例子:新加坡和日本。

「新」式英語 自成一派

揶揄新加坡人說英語「土氣」,筆者並非始作俑者,更無貶損之意。英國廣播公司在1986年推出頗為流行的電視系列,名為The Story of English,還曾獲得艾美獎。其中一集內容有關英語在亞洲的命運,稱新加坡英文為Singlish。據說,當時不少新加坡人頗為憤慨,引以為恥。建國總理李光耀在1999年的公開演說中,大力鼓勵國民學好標準英語,藉此加深新加坡人了解世界,也便於世界加深了解新加坡【註2】。

英國人對Singlish的揶揄,成為刺激新加坡人改善英文的動力。政府官員被要求上特別培訓班,學好標準英文,《海峽時報》請英文專家寫語言專欄,旨在推廣標準英語學習;舉國上下,掀起了學英語的熱潮。與此同時,英文在新加坡本土化,新加坡人對「土氣」英語也毫不在意了。有文化人還寫起「新」式英詩,以「car here, car there」之類的Singlish入詩,趣味盎然。

新加坡方言眾多,沒有強大的本土語言,在政府的宣導下形成普通話主內,英語主外的格局。這個雙語模式對該國的經濟崛起,功不可沒。新冠肺炎疫情過後,新加坡和香港成為國際學者來往的重鎮。筆者聽到不少著名學者說,在新加坡的語言環境中感覺更加自在。

日式英語無聲勝有聲

與新加坡人人說英語截然相反,日本人基本不說英語。日本人素來以文明細心出名,到日本旅遊不難體會當地人待客的熱情和體貼。可惜的是,交流是個極大的障礙。大城市的藥店有很多中國留學生打工,交流不成問題,但除此之外,酒店也好,餐廳也好,很難找到英文能夠說得達意之人。某年寒冬,筆者到大阪出差,在車站問路。結果整個車站陸續出來5、6個工作人員,每人看了一下筆者手中的地址,滿臉笑容地講着一模一樣的日語,筆者則是自始至終地一頭霧水。最後,站內一位大叔甘冒風雪,堅持帶着筆者走了10幾分鐘,一直送到目的地才自行回去。

不說大阪這樣的工業城市,即便是京都這樣的首善之區、舉世聞名的旅遊城市,能用英文交流的日本人也是少之又少。每每滿懷熱情走進一家古色古香的店舖,店裏的姑娘極其認真地用日語為顧客介紹,看見對方不明白,一遍又一遍不厭其煩地講解。所謂精誠所至,金石為開,聽多幾遍日語,琢磨幾下肢體語言,有時也會碰上豁然開朗的時刻。只是筆者認為,把工匠精神放在對遊客的導購上,似乎不太值得。

日本人為什麼說不好英文?筆者就此問題多方問了日本友人。最常聽到的解釋是,日語和英語是全世界最相反的語言,所以日本人學起英語特別困難。

這讓筆者想起著名數學家、日本首位菲爾茲獎(Fields Medal)得主小平邦彥的傳記。小平因為解決數學上的一些難題,在二戰之後應邀到普林斯頓高等研究院(Institute for Advanced Study)訪學。此君無論怎樣努力也說不好英語,上課時只在黑板上寫公式、推證明,不給學生做口頭講解。沒料到這種獨特的無聲勝有聲的授課風格,竟然大受學生歡迎,因為英美教授講得太快,學生跟不上節奏。小平在其傳記中還提到一個笑話,說另外一位旅美日本科學家,朝永振一郎(1965年諾貝爾物理學獎得主)的英語變好,是因為把牙齒都拔光,換成一副美國製造的假牙。

像小平、朝永這樣的天才英語都說不好,何況常人!足見日語確實與英語勢不兩立。然而筆者對這個解釋不甚以為然,皆因日本友人當中,也不乏英語流利之人。究其原因,還是在日本說英語的經濟回報不高所致。日本經濟出口遠大於進口,本土產品質量高,國民對外國產品興趣不大,也不時興送兒女到歐美留學,所以對英文並無親近之感。再者,日本自明治維新以來,就有個精英階層,把歐美科學知識和文化藝術的最新潮流翻譯成日文,迅速本土化。所以,儘管市民大眾英文說得磕磕巴巴,日本卻是世界吸收西方文化養分最好的國家之一,不僅在科技一環人才輩出,而且在音樂、建築、藝術領域也出現過不少風靡西方的大師級人物。

港式英語亦中亦西亦本土

新加坡人和日本人對英文的態度都頗為徹底。一個是全盤接受,就算有些土氣也把英語轉化成大眾語言;一個是基本拒絕,由精英階層負責把世界先進的科技文化本土化。相形之下,香港人說英語卻要雜亂得多,南腔北調,應有盡有。有操倫敦牛劍腔或者紐約波士頓標準美語的,有南亞、東南亞風味的,有江浙滬口音的,更有本地廣東腔調的。

本來語言多元化是好事,但缺乏主心骨,加上日常生活的消解,就容易出現雜亂無章的情況。上世紀的香港,學好英文是社會向上流動的重要途徑,普通民眾都樂於學習。加上有中英文俱佳的老輩文化人,孜孜不倦地敦促港人多加努力,由此漸成風氣。如今學英文的環境比從前不知好上幾倍,可惜缺乏動力和示範效用,年輕人不願意在語言方面下工夫,自然學不好英文。

今時今日,西洋人嫌香港太洋,中國人嫌香港太中,而香港人則嫌香港太不本土。香港要實現中西合璧,應當從語言做起,社會各界攜手宣導年輕人學好中英雙語。

語言不是此消彼長的關係,雙語掌握得當,加上根深柢固的粵語,香港人方能享有海納百川的獨特港式優勢。

 

註1: https://www.ef.com/assetscdn/WIBIwq6RdJvcD9bc8RMd/cefcom-epi-site/reports/2023/ef-epi-2023-english.pdf

註2: https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/1999081404.htm

 

吳延暉教授
港大經管學院經濟學、管理及商業策略副教授

(本文同時於二零二四年七月十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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