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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Feasible Options of Increasing Land Supply

3 Oct 2018
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增闢用地可行方案

自2008年金融海嘯爆發以來,香港房價和租金節節上升,中產階級的置業夢已遙不可及,中下階層輪候公屋亦遙遙無期。截至2018年6月底,約有15600宗一般公屋申請,以及117900宗配額及計分制的非長者一人申請;一般申請者的平均輪候時間為5.3年,長者一人申請者則約為3年。輪候時間一再拖延,劏房市場應運而生。

為確保長遠土地供應,須從增闢土地資源入手。為改善每況愈下的基層市民居住環境,政府更須於短期內覓地興建房屋。

填海歷史和土地分布

自香港開埠以來,在維港以外填海造地,對經濟增長和社會發展的貢獻舉足輕重。發展必須有地,而填海是最有效率的方法之一。香港自1950年代以來迅速發展,在一定程度上以填海所得土地資源為基礎【圖】。沙田、大埔、屯門和馬鞍山等新市鎮,亦靠填海陸續發展,得以滿足百萬計市民的房屋需求。但從2005年起,填海造地急劇減少,跌至歷來最低水平。

時至今日,已發展的土地面積約為26500公頃(即佔香港總面積約24.3%),其中約7000公頃(即佔已發展土地26.4%)為填海地。核心商業地段,如中環、灣仔海旁和尖沙咀;大型新市鎮,如荃灣、屯門、沙田、大埔和將軍澳,皆建於填海土地之上。上屆政府發展局局長陳茂波估算,大概200萬人口居於填海地區。香港其餘約75.7%的未發展土地中,林地約佔24.9%、灌叢約23.6%、草地約17.3%、農地4.6%,水塘、魚塘、紅樹林及劣地等約佔餘下5.3%。

近岸填海選址

土地供應專責小組保守估算,香港就住宅、經濟及基建用地的供求失衡,以致2026至2046年期間整體缺地將達1200公頃。受到複雜的土地業權分布、環保及可持續發展的局限,短期內政府不可能從未發展土地中覓得足夠土地,以滿足未來長遠發展需求。

雖然填海對環境的影響不容忽視,卻不應以此作為停止填海計劃的藉口。在盡可能減少對環境影響的前提下,就填海之需物色合適選址,才是香港未來發展方向。從政府的《優化土地供應策略》專題報告,可見當局正積極覓址填海造地,其中已就5個近岸及一個人工島的填海選址進行策略性研究,包括屯門龍鼓灘、北大嶼山小蠔灣及欣澳、沙田馬料水和青衣西南,以及在大嶼山與港島中部水域建島。

5個近岸填海的選址面積不大,只能算是小型填海工程,10年後工程完成,亦只能提供四五百公頃新土地,其中大部分均作工業、科技、消閒用途,而非住宅用地,對解決當前棘手土地問題無異杯水車薪,更別說打造新社區。

屯門稔灣

根據興建赤鱲角機場的選址研究,其實屯門稔灣也值得考慮作為填海地帶。當年的填海方案,建議在屯門后海灣沿岸進行,加上移平岸邊一些小山丘,所得發展用土地可達1600公頃,有望配合本地長遠發展需求,並帶來極高社會及經濟收益。除可提供大片城市發展空間和綠化用地,以供住宅、工商業、休憩及農業發展之外,更可帶動及融合附近市鎮的發展。天水圍、屯門、元朗等區可發展成新界區內宜於居住和就業的都市中心,從而紓緩新界人口湧向港九商業中心上班的交通問題,亦有助改善舊區環境及重建。

稔灣位處下白泥與曾咀之間,鄰近后海灣,遠眺深圳蛇口。經深圳灣與蛇口連接,與內地城市網交通便利,更能配合粵港澳大灣區的整體建設安排。況且稔灣水域較淺,鄰近山丘可以移平,加上附近私人土地少,徵地成本較低,開發工程可迅速啟動,開發成本效益較高。

沙田馬料水

馬料水毗鄰科學園和中文大學,交通、鐵路網絡完善,填海後料可帶來約60公頃土地。加上沙田污水處理廠搬出後騰空的28公頃土地,合共88公頃的臨海面積,可興建1.1萬個住宅單位,容納3.41萬人居住,相當於一個沙田第一城。按政府委託的顧問估計,該幅地可供發展作高科技及知識型工業、房屋等用途,提供約4.15萬個新職位,為區內就業和居住環境失衡情況對症下藥。政府亦可研究在吐露海峽填海造地的可行性,通過靈活規劃,增加長遠土地儲備。

沙頭角墟

隨着邊境禁區範圍近年來持續縮減,邊境鄉村釋出土地漸多,但仍有約400公頃邊境禁區尚待解封,例如沙頭角墟尤其值得注視。自1950年代初列作禁區後,區內經濟發展陷於停頓。雖然缺乏水電供應及交通設施,沙頭角墟及附近鄉村地帶仍極具發展潛力。首先,沙頭角墟處於連接香港、深圳東部以至粵東地區的樞紐位置,若能善加規劃,即可把當地發展成為香港與粵東地區之間的中轉站,有利雙方資源、技術、人才和服務的交流,並帶動鄰近地域的發展,充分利用周邊土地資源。為沙頭角墟制訂具規模的發展計劃,當有助紓解香港當前的土地荒。

沙頭角墟「解禁」,也可促進沙頭角海以東、大鵬灣西南海域,以吉澳為主的生態旅遊業發展。吉澳「安龍太平清醮」的鄉土風俗文化,可追溯至200多年前清朝時期。吉澳史上是集繁盛商貿和秀麗風光於一身的海島市集,島上現已有自來水供應及碼頭設施,周圍水域平靜,實為水上活動的理想勝地。鄰近印洲塘更是香港首批海岸公園之一,富於地質景觀。沙頭角碼頭則為通往這些離島的交通樞紐,但因碼頭仍屬禁區,出入受限,把禁區解封,就能刺激生態旅遊業發展,活化當地特色。

結語

當前公屋一般申請者要苦候5年以上才能「上樓」,而劏房居民超過20萬人,居住環境極為惡劣。當務之急,政府應考慮推動公私營合作,發展新界私人農地,以及2000公頃分散新界各處的祖堂地,並利用部分增闢土地興建資助房屋,從而加快釋放新界私人農地的發展潛力;沙田新市鎮便是此法成功的例子之一。

新界棕地則多屬私人所有,亦非閒置土地,常見用途包括物料儲存、港口後勤用途如貨櫃車場、停車場、車輛維修場、環保回收場、建造業機械及工場等,既多屬必要工業,在市區尋找合適地點運作殊不容易。

況且棕地作業往往須動用大型機械或在戶外進行,而無法重置到多層式工廈。政府是否高估在多層工廈安置棕地作業的可行性?如何妥善重置作業者並對土地業權人作出合理補償問題,亦須在政府有關計劃考慮之列。

至於放寬新界土地的地積比率,可在部分舊區重建時推出更多樓換樓計劃,讓業權人分享發展成果,從而加快重建效率;亦可通過規劃,把部分舊工業區改作商業或住宅用途,達致善用土地資源等方案,雖對增加長遠土地儲備作用有限,但都可解決燃眉之急。

歸根究柢,填海造地,優點在於可避免衝擊現有土地用途,毋須收回私人土地及遷置居民。由此可見,要配合香港發展對土地的長遠需求,填海無疑是最具效益的出路。

 【圖】歷年填海面積

圖

香港大學經濟及工商管理學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員 謝國生博士

(本文同時於二零一八年十月三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)​​

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