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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Eradicating Ticket Scalping by Adopting Dynamic Pricing and Real Name Registration

12 Sep 2018
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以動態定價兼實名制杜絕黃牛

今年矚目的黃牛事件特別多,計有5月的久石讓音樂會、7月的黃子華棟篤笑,以及12月的劉德華演唱會。黃牛炒賣熱門表演門票已非新聞。門票迅速售罄,隨即有人在網上交易平台以相等於原價數倍的高價放售,而且有價有市。

於是每逢門票公開發售,都出現搶購潮。有兩種人會在主辦單位公開發售時搶不到票而不高興:存心炒賣者失去圖利機會固然不高興,有心捧場的樂迷或歌迷被迫在交易平台買貴票,自然投訴黃牛的炒賣行為可恥。相反,那些忙得沒時間親身排隊或在網上搶購者,就會感謝黃牛黨。他們全靠黃牛黨才能一票到手,雖然要付出比原價高出幾倍的價錢,多付的價錢實在可算是請人代勞排隊購票的費用。

黃牛成風的背景

為了賺錢,受聘代人排隊買票,並不可恥;自己忙,聘人代為排隊買票,也不可恥。既然向黃牛黨買票本質上與請人代為排隊購票無異,那又如何算是可恥?

事實上,人人都有可能變炒賣者。假如小麗願意付600元購買演唱會門票,用原價500元買了票,見到交易平台有人為求一票而願出1000元,利之所在,不惜把手中門票放售,也無可厚非;小麗於是成為炒賣者。小虎本來願付2000元購買演唱會門票,但見到網上交易平台1000元就有交易,也自然樂得撿便宜貨。一買一賣,你情我願,各得其所,絕不可恥。

可是,《公眾娛樂場所條例》第六條列明,任何人若以高於官方價格出售「持牌公眾娛樂場所」的任何門票,均屬違法,最高罰款2000元。根據豁免令,康樂及文化事務署(康文署)轄下場地毋須領有公眾娛樂場所牌照,政府正在考慮修例,不再豁免此等場所,從而把在政府場地炒賣黃牛票列為刑事罪行,並提高罰則。此舉我不同意,我認為並無必要特別關注黃牛炒賣情況,反而應把現行有關條例取消才對。

歸根究柢,黃牛黨有機可乘,實由主辦單位的定價和銷售策略所引致。如把票價定為500元,引來黃牛黨炒賣,結果在網上交易平台賣1000元,那就代表主辦單位所定原價有上調空間。如果票價一開始定在1000元以上,炒賣沒賺頭,黃牛黨根本就不會出現。

其實炒賣也不一定穩賺不蝕。要賺錢就先要做好功課,否則買了500元票,只能在市場賣300,就要虧本。因此,炒賣者絕不會買入明知會虧本的門票。當然炒賣者也大有動機為演唱會推銷;在這層意義而言,定價偏低,也可能是主辦單位推銷門票的一種伎倆。如果動機如此,我們就不要再罵黃牛黨。黃牛黨賺的錢也就相當於廣告費。

若把黃牛黨的利潤算作廣告費,實際廣告收益就十分可觀。假設一場演唱會可容納1萬人,票價定在500元,而主辦單位就剛好收支平衡。如果交易平台叫價1000元,亦即黃牛每張門票賺500元。如果主辦單位能洞悉市價,定價1000元,一場就能多賺500萬元。堅持把票價定在500元,引來黃牛黨炒賣,等於眼巴巴把500萬元拱手讓人。一場500萬元,10場就是5000萬元。

錢不一定要讓黃牛來賺,廣告不一定要靠黃牛來做,只要主辦單位能適當調整定價和銷售策略,收入就可以倍增, 關鍵在於參照黃牛的叫價。

黃牛的叫價屬於「海鮮價」。主辦單位知道觀眾對不同場次和不同座位喜好不一,因此會把受歡迎程度較高的場次和座位的票價相應調高,以先到先得的方式發售門票。黃牛的「海鮮價」則完全看兜售時的供求,定價不單因應不同場次、不同座位而調整,更可以每日每時每刻不同。

對策利弊的平衡

經濟學稱這種定價為動態定價(dynamic pricing)。票價隨時因應訂票人數增加而調高;門票銷情不理想,就即時把價格相應調低。動態定價近年開始在美國流行,著名歌手Taylor Swift近期在美國的巡迴演出就採用了動態定價,務求從黃牛黨手上奪回她應得的利潤。

動態定價下的價格調整,也保證不會同時有很多人在購票,因此購票者毋須多花時間親身排隊或在網上搶購,因為購票者的最終付費與跟黃牛買票相若,大部分本來想買黃牛票的歌迷自然不會反感。

主辦單位當然有權制定價格和銷售策略。譬如,主辦單位想讓忠實支持的歌迷用優惠價觀看演唱會。可是,如果只用優惠價賣票給他們,卻容許他們在市場自由轉讓,恐怕或會出現類似上文小麗因抵受不了利益誘惑而轉售門票的情況,無疑有失主辦單位獎勵忠實歌迷的原意。

要確保門票只供歌迷自用,則應採用實名制。一心購票自用的歌迷,當然不會介意以具名方式購票。票價優惠亦有助於鼓勵歌迷參與歌迷活動,而收擴大歌迷群之效。只可惜實名制成本高昂,單是演出當天檢票,就已經要額外動用大量人手,觀眾也要提早到場。實名制門票愈多,成本愈高。

今年5月久石讓在香港的音樂會就有一場採用實名制。文化中心演奏廳有2000多個座位,觀眾就須提早兩個半小時到場檢票,要是在12000多個座位的紅館全面採用實名制,現場檢票額外所需的時間就更難以想像。

由此可見,動態定價和實名制購票各有優劣。我建議最好採用混合制,就是由主辦單位撥出一部分門票以實名制優惠價售給忠實支持者,而以動態定價方式出售其餘門票。如此一來,既能提高利潤,又能回饋忠實支持者,何樂而不為?
 

王家富 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院首席講師
(本文同時於二零一八年九月十二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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