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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Encouraging Public Participation in Countryside Conservation

14 Nov 2018
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 全民投入 維護山野

香港的行山徑世界知名。2016年,麥理浩徑就被《國家地理雜誌》評為全球20條最佳行山徑之一。登山遠足也是香港旅遊發展局推介給訪港旅客的活動之一。

如此珍貴的天然資源,當然必須珍惜維護。

杯水車薪困境

維護山徑需要資源;山徑由大眾共享,既屬於你,也屬於我。你去維護,我就可以坐享其成,難免大部分人傾向搭便車(free ride)。要是人同此心,哪有人主動維護山徑呢?這正是個典型例子,展示政府必須介入,從而決定山徑可供開放的範圍,以及所需維護的程度,並透過稅收支付有關開支。

政府在財力和人力方面的資源畢竟有限。無論從經濟效益或使用者數字的角度而言,山徑都無法與城市裏的主要街道相比,可供維護山徑的資源不可能源源不絕。

負責管理山徑的官方部門是漁農自然護理署(漁護署),該署的管轄範圍除了山徑之外,也包括郊野公園、海岸公園、農業、漁業、自然護理、檢驗檢疫等多方面。在撥款有限的情況下,投放資源時就更須考慮成本效益。

郊野公園不但人流多、垃圾多,設施損耗也多,自然需要多投放資源維護。相比之下,人流較少的行山徑,所需資源較少,也在情理之中。

因此,管理山徑唯有主要靠教育行山者使用時有所節制,盡可能減少耗損。可惜無論如何教育,長年累月,山徑難免耗損;近年行山、跑山比賽盛行,耗損更變本加厲,及時防護和維修無疑不可或缺。

筆者樂見漁護署近年開始舉辦山徑維修工作坊,邀請市民參與。根據政府新聞處資料,2016年底到2017年中,漁護署就與幾個環保團體合作,舉辦了5次工作坊,招募了約100名義工攜手進行維修。這是一個很好的開始,衷心希望署方多辦有關活動。

問題是,由漁護署管理的遠足行山徑為數約80條,計有家樂徑、自然教育徑、郊遊徑、長途遠足徑等,總長度約達500公里。不知道要舉辦多少次工作坊,才足可收維護之效。單靠漁護署短絀的資源來組織零星的維護活動,恐怕實效不大。

責有攸歸方案

筆者建議政府讓有心維護山徑的機構、環保團體、行山隊,或市民組織的小隊包辦保養行山徑。保養者承諾在保養期內,對山徑的耗損進行審查,並加以基本維護。除了定期清理山徑上的垃圾,也要向漁護署滙報山徑的耗損情況,以便該署盡早維修耗損較嚴重的路段,以防止耗損惡化。

這種安排不是新鮮事;美國和加拿大就有類似的包辦保養公路(adopt a highway)和包辦保養山徑(adopt a trail)計劃。美國的公路網絡龐大,鄉村人口少,附近的公路使用量低,管理困難。美國德薩斯州的一位工程師依文斯(Bobby Evans)和他的同事在1985年構想了一個包辦保養公路計劃。

美國大部分州份的公路網絡都各劃分成幾個區,由地區工程師負責管理維護,包括保持路邊整潔。當時依文斯鑑於公路兩旁垃圾愈來愈多,難於清理,對道路使用者屢勸無效,就提出這個鼓勵市民支援政府維持路邊整潔的計劃。每個小組可以包辦保養兩英里公路,為期一年,承諾期間在該段路至少清理垃圾兩次。

為表鼓勵,政府會在該段路的頭尾各豎一座標誌,標明義務幫忙維持路邊整潔的組織或小組名稱。德薩斯州的包辦保養公路計劃非常成功;後來其他各州,甚至加拿大都紛紛採用。

近年,鑑於包辦保養公路計劃成績顯著,美國和加拿大部分國家公園於是展開包辦保養山徑計劃。

同類計劃的成功,足以說明一般以為要透過政府提供的公共設施和服務,其實可以由大眾以義務形式提供。歸根究柢,義務工作或多或少能給參與者帶來滿足感。

既然市民願意義務貢獻社會,只要政府呼籲大眾愛護山徑,是否就能收到預期效果呢?我想答案是否定的。叫眾人一起去維護,結果就大部分人都搭便車,沒有人願意採取主動。

要達到維護山徑的目的,就要把權責交給個人或組織。一旦山徑的維護權責界定清楚,給予適當的冠名鼓勵,負責的個人或組織就難以推卸責任了。不要看輕冠名的重要性,冠名之後,做好維護工作,受人讚許,自然聲名遠播;做不好,備受批評,就會惡名昭彰。所以冠名是維護山徑的一個重要誘因。

政府的角色就是做好規劃和管理,為山徑段落和申請包辦保養山徑的小組進行配對,清楚釐定包辦保養小組的權責,讓漁護署作為後盾,負責協助各個小組做好維護工作。

颱風襲港之後,山徑中塌樹滿布,正好由山徑包辦保養者清理維護。如果能夠實行山徑包辦保養計劃,筆者預期山徑回復原貌的速度會快得多。

透過包辦保養山徑計劃,既能達到維護山徑的目的,又能讓市民發揮貢獻社會的愛心,可謂一舉兩得!

王家富 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院首席講師

(本文同時於二零一八年十一月十四日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)​

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