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Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media
Beware of Bears: How Economics Can Resolve Japan’s Escalating Human-Bear Conflict

Beware of Bears: How Economics Can Resolve Japan’s Escalating Human-Bear Conflict

19 Nov 2025
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熊出沒注意:經濟學上的特效解方

從各大媒體報導和社交平台信息廣傳可見,日本近期正被一場前所未有的熊災困擾。棕熊與亞洲黑熊以空前頻率闖入人口密集地區,甚至闖入停機坪,令機場暫時關閉。截至10月底,已有超過170人遭受攻擊,造成十多人喪生。日本環境省以及農林水產省將之定性為「異常事態」,並緊急調撥資源應對。

事件引發輿論關注,一般指向因氣候變化而導致食物短缺。若用經濟學「手術刀」解剖,則會發現危機的核心癥結在於獵人群體,皆因維繫人熊邊界的這道傳統防線,在現代經濟社會中系統性失靈。

緩衝地帶遭深度掏空

野熊頻繁「下山」,直接導火線的確是生態因素。夏季創紀錄高溫與乾旱導致山毛櫸、橡實等堅果嚴重歉收,饑餓驅使熊群冒險走進人類活動區域;背後其實反映日本經濟結構經過數十年變遷所埋下的深層隱患。戰後經濟高速增長與城市化進程有如巨大抽水泵,將鄉村人口源源不斷吸入都市圈,令廣大鄉村陷入過疏化與超高老齡化的困境。

曾被精心耕作的農田、有序管理的「里山」(Satoyama)遭棄耕荒廢。「里山」強調「社會—生態—生產地景」(socio-ecological and production  landscape),在日本傳統生態格局中,一直充當人與自然之間的緩衝帶,通過人類適度經濟活動維持半自然生態,有效隔離野生動物與人類居住區。

今時今日,緩衝帶因荒癈而雜草叢生。對饑餓的野熊而言,村莊附近廢棄的果樹、管理不善的垃圾收集站無異於自助餐廳;人與熊的邊界在蔓延的荒野中變得空前模糊。這場看似偶然的生態失衡,實則是社會經濟結構性問題的集中爆發。

獵人虧本  防線失守

面對熊群,地方政府本來可以透過傳統應對方式,請獵友會出動驅趕或捕殺。無奈這道歷時數百年的防線已風雨飄搖。要理解箇中原因,必須站在獵人角度算一筆理性而殘酷的經濟賬。

先看收益。獵人冒生命危險捕熊,經濟回報卻小得驚人。長野縣一名獵人披露,他參與兩小時黑熊驅逐任務,政府補貼僅3000日元(約150元港幣)。這種象徵性補貼更像車馬費報銷,而非就專業技能和風險而言的對價。過去熊膽、熊掌曾是可觀收入來源,但在《野生動物保護法》日益完善的今天,任何有關的商業交易都被嚴禁。雖然生態保護有其必要,卻切斷了獵人唯一的潛在高額回報,而政府並未建立相應補償機制;獵人捕熊的直接經濟收益近乎零。

再看成本。與微薄收益形成鮮明對比的,是高昂得令人卻步的預期成本。首先是物質與時間成本。一把合格獵槍動輒數十萬日元,每年保養、牌照費不菲;每次出動的彈藥、燃油、通訊等都是實打實的開支,區區數千日元的補貼,連直接成本都無法彌補。尤其重要的是時間成本。一次行動耗時半天至數天是常態,補貼卻按次數或極低時薪計算,完全無視獵人的機會成本。

其次是生命安全風險。與饑餓或被激怒的野熊正面交鋒,危險程度可想而知。2025年熊災已導致多人死亡,其中不乏經驗豐富者。承擔捕熊重任隊伍的人口結構更令人擔憂,日本獵人平均年齡高達68歲,被媒體稱為「銀髮軍團」,況且全國獵人總數從70年代巔峰的50多萬,銳減至不足10萬。讓這支隊伍對抗體型愈來愈大、數量愈來愈多的熊群,是將他們置於足以致命的險境;政府卻一直未能提供相應的意外傷亡保障。

再者,還有法律與社會成本。在槍支管理極嚴的日本,於市區開槍面臨巨大法律風險。根據《鳥獸保護管理法》及槍械法規,獵人必須確保行動時萬無一失。一旦誤傷路人或造成財產損失,須承擔沉重民事賠償乃至刑事責任。這種「一槍不慎,傾家蕩產」的後果使許多獵人猶豫不決。此外,日益高漲的動物保護思潮讓獵人腹背受敵。受熊威脅的市民要求他們果斷行動,動物保護團體則可能將獵殺行動貼上「殘忍」標籤,通過社交媒體不斷施壓。這種「幹或不幹,也要挨罵」的困境,使不少獵人裹足不前。

從經濟人(Economic Man〔homo economicus〕)看來,結論可謂清晰不過:捕熊行動預期收益微薄,預期成本卻極高。當成本遠超收益時,理性選擇自然是「能免則免」。這正是日益萎縮的獵人群體未能及時回應熊災的基本經濟原因。

重構守護家園的誘因

治本之策並非道德呼籲,而在於正視經濟邏輯,從根源上進行制度重構,讓保護社區安全這項公共服務成為回報合理、可控風險的專業化行為。筆者建議以下三大方向:

一、建立專業化薪酬等級。象徵性低額補貼必須取消,而將獵人捕熊行動定位為由政府購買的高風險專業公共服務。可考慮設計「基本待命費+出勤費+績效獎金」模式:待命費確保隊伍穩定性,出勤費覆蓋直接成本和時間成本,績效獎金是專業技能和風險承擔的回報。報酬標準應參照警察、消防員等高危公共服務,確保總收入遠高於社會平均水平。

二、構建全面的國家級風險保障體系,這比提高補貼更為關鍵。政府應為所有在冊並受委託執行任務的獵人建立強制性公共保險,包括個人意外保險和撫恤金,第三者責任險,覆蓋任務中可能發生的意外損失;以及法律援助保險,為因合規行動而捲入訴訟的獵人提供專業支援。這套組合拳讓獵人「敢於開槍」而無後顧之憂。

三、系統化培養接班人。解決銀髮軍團問題的唯一出路,就是吸引年輕人入行。政府應將獵人培養納入資助職業教育一環,以便大幅減免新人培訓、考證及裝備費用;建立官方師徒制,對帶徒的老獵人予以補貼;通過宣傳重塑獵人的社會形象,強調其作為「生態系統管理者」和「社區安全守護者」的專業性,以提升專業自豪感。

總而言之,2025年日本熊災折射出社會經濟深層結構性問題,警示我們任何依賴傳統、情懷和個人奉獻的方式,當遇上現代經濟社會的精密計算和風險評估,都顯得脆弱不堪。解決問題不能依靠空洞的道德呼籲,而須勇敢地正視並重構經濟激勵和保障機制。唯有讓這份古老而危險的職業在當今社會獲得應有的經濟尊嚴、制度保障和人才傳承,日本才能重新建立起可持續的「防火牆」, 擺脫難以招架「熊軍」入侵的困局。

章逸飛博士
港大經管學院經濟學高級講師

(本文同時於二零二五年十一月二十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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