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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

A Discussion on the “New Philosophy” in the Fiscal Policy

14 Mar 2018
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理財新哲學 不符基本法

特首林鄭月娥提出「理財新哲學」,成為她領導之下新政府第一份《財政預算案》(2018-19年度《財政預算案》)的指導思想。何謂「理財新哲學」?從預算案第47-48段可見一斑:「……在確保公共財政穩健的前提下,應該採取前瞻性與策略性的理財方針,善用盈餘,為香港投資、為市民紓困……在制定公共財政政策時,我們力求創新,快速有效地回應社會訴求,為未來發展早佔先機。」

財政紀律 務須恪守

根據財政司司長陳茂波在此份預算案的解釋,「財政穩健」是指「審慎理財,維持穩健的財政儲備」;[1]他進一步指出,「政府的《財政預算案》以現金收付制編訂,主要反映新財政年度的預計現金收支情況和接着4年的預測,並不全面反映政府的負債和已作出的承擔金額,例如超過3500億元進行中工程的尚餘承擔額。」

[2]經過陳司長的專業解釋,我們應該明白,政府今後5年的財政儲備預測,是被(現金收付制)高估了,要審慎理財,不應大幅增加公共開支。

審慎理財從來知易行難,政府最新估計在2017-18年度錄得1380億元盈餘,遠遠高於去年《財政預算案》預計的163億元盈餘。面對龐大的意外盈餘,司長選擇放棄「公共開支不超越本地生產總值(GDP)20%的財政預算準則」,在今後5個財政年度,持續提高公共開支與本地生產總值的比例至接近22%。

公共開支趨升固然令人擔憂,更有甚者,司長不惜一改清晰的財政紀律準則,聲稱「會確保公共開支的增幅,符合香港的實際需要,並與香港的長遠財政承擔能力相稱」。

[3]正如司長所說,政府的《財政預算案》以現金收付制編訂,根本無法準確預計「香港的長遠財政承擔能力」。因此司長有必要解釋清楚什麼是「香港的長遠財政承擔能力」、什麼是「香港的實際需要」;對財政預算準則含糊其詞,只會予人財政紀律鬆散的印象,皆因公共開支易放難收。

司長還須解釋他的「財政新準則」跟《基本法》第107條的矛盾,因為這一條規定「香港特別行政區的財政預算以量入為出為原則,力求收支平衡,避免赤字,並與本地生產總值的增長率相適應」;其中要求明顯比司長今年預算案中「審慎理財,維持穩健的財政儲備」的原則為高。

大是大非 絕不含糊

同樣地,第107條直截了當,規定「香港特別行政區的財政預算」必須「與本地生產總值的增長率相適應」。反觀司長預算案所述「公共開支的增幅,符合香港的實際需要,並與香港的長遠財政承擔能力相稱」,則未免措詞含混。

揭開「理財新哲學」、「財政新準則」的美麗包裝,我們看到2018-19年度《財政預算案》其實不符合《基本法》第107條,因而斷不可以接受。這是大是大非問題,絕不能含糊不清。

話說回頭,撇開原則問題,2018-19年度預算案其實有不少可取之處。例如司長在資源上全面配合在葵青區設立地區康健中心,再擴展至全港18區。社區醫療可提升市民的個人健康管理意識,預防疾病,避免不必要使用公立醫院服務。

另一例子是司長向衞生署額外撥款1億元,鼓勵市民採取健康生活模式,減少心血管疾病、癌症、糖尿病、慢性呼吸道疾病等非傳染病,同時促進精神健康和加強公眾教育,減少歧視。

進取可嘉 違「法」莫為

司長在這份《財政預算案》中還有不少「大動作」值得肯定,包括加大財政承擔,預留150億元,爭取落實取消強積金「對沖」安排。強積金供款本身已不能提供足夠的退休保障,「對沖」方案更進一步削弱僱員退休保障,是一項極不合理的安排。司長在財政承擔方面加碼,有助政府解決「對沖」問題。

此外,減輕個人稅務負擔亦屬「大動作」之一。特區政府已連續14年度錄得財政盈餘,過去大都以退稅形式把部分盈餘還富於民。司長這次大刀闊斧,除了退還更多盈餘,還擴闊、增加薪俸稅稅階,提升免稅額,以致減稅恒常化。歸根究柢,《基本法》第107條要求政府「力求收支平衡」,並不表示政府只求爭取最大盈餘,或用盡所有盈餘。盈餘過多理應減稅,無非是基本經濟原則。

2018-19年度《財政預算案》內容翔實,有不少值得肯定、嘉許之處。很可惜,其中「理財新哲學」、「財政新準則」既有冒進之嫌,況且削弱財政紀律,勢令公共開支的增幅持續高於本地生產總值的增幅,而有違《基本法》第107條的相關規定。

林鄭政府應該知所取捨,恪守公共開支增長受制於《基本法》的原則,在增加部分政策開支的同時,務須控制其他開支,才能確保《財政預算案》符合《基本法》框架所設定的要求。

[1] 2018-19年度財政預算案第49(七)段
[2] 2018-19年度財政預算案第56段
[3] 2018-19年度財政預算案第57段

 

程騰歡 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授
(本文同時於二零一八年三月十四日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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