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Home Research Thought Leadership Latest Research Publications

What to learn from Huawei?

19 Dec 2018
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以華為為師

近期最熱門的話題莫過於華為孟晚舟受困加拿大一事,她最近獲准保釋,之後的發展要看美國在1月8日之前會不會發出正式的拘捕令,筆者在此暫且不作猜測,但對期間已有的發展,卻看到危機,也看到希望,在此與讀者分享一下。

沈着應對vs擴大化尖銳化

當孟晚舟被加拿大政府扣押的消息傳開之後,華為公司發表的聲明,既沒有指責美國或者加拿大政府粗暴對待她,亦沒有表示確信其完全清白,只指出對孟是否違反美國法律毫不知情,同時亦相信這件事會得到法律的公平對待。如此得體的回覆,令筆者耳目一新,深感華為果然名不虛傳!

過了幾天,有一篇題為《孟晚舟,其實你贏了!》,據稱是華為高層人士所寫的文章在網上廣泛流傳,從中高度讚揚孟晚舟在溫哥華法庭的保釋聽證會中從容自若,和華為在事件後的官方回應中表現出冷靜和克制。

文章又進一步表揚在任正非領導下的華為,「沒有選擇讓事件擴大化、尖銳化」,又「選擇了相信法律、儘可能在相對平靜的司法狀態下解決,這是一種實事求是,著眼大局的態度,彰顯着理性、克制、專業的國際企業的格局和風範」。

華為取西經

筆者早前讀到一篇楊少龍的長文《華為:40億學費師從IBM》(註),介紹華為早年怎樣向IBM取經的故事,內容非常震撼。

大約是1990年代後期,華為經過草創階段,雖然業務蒸蒸日上,也到了一個瓶頸。一次任正飛就和一些華為主管,去美國訪問了幾家他們認為最值得學習的跨國公司,任正非對IBM的印象最為深刻,並決心聘請他們派顧問到華為,指導其脫胎換骨。IBM開出的價錢一點都不便宜:一個為數70人的顧問團,為期五年,費用相當於20億元人民幣,也就是華為一整年的利潤!

這是一個非常痛苦的過程。有一次,任正非和一批高管聽取IBM顧問,分析他們業務流程的弊病時,聽到一半,任正非冷汗直冒,舉出停止的手勢,原來他想其他所有的高管都一併過來接受IBM的批評。華為之前也請過其他公司為他們作顧問諮詢,可惜效果不彰;IBM一針見血,毫不保留的作風,在任正飛眼中,正是華為的苦口良藥。

在這五年間,華為經歷了無數的考驗,,特別是2000年科網爆破之後那幾年的慘淡日子,任正非大有放棄的理由,如收費過高、國情不同、又已經掌握美國先進的技術等等。但是他沒有放棄,挨過首五年之後,取得巨大成就。不僅如此,接着華為邀請IBM再提供多為期五年的服務,也是用了20億元的人民幣,所以華為前後做了IBM十年的學徒。

許多人在評論華為這家公司為何成功的時候,總著眼於它的紀律和執行力,卻甚少點出它是一家非常謙虛、不懷偏見 、不眼紅別人、勇於向別人學習的公司。有了這樣的背景,就不難了解華為在這次事件中冷靜,克制的反應,也明白到孟晚舟為什麼能那樣從容自若的面對法庭。我們吵吵鬧鬧,其實是想多了。

人性中外皆同,制度高下有別

孟晚舟被捕之後,中國外交部連番攻擊,指責她的人權被剝奪,監房裏面的醫療支援不足云云。孟晚舟可以聘請最好的維權律師,可以在公開的法庭裏面申辯,法院審判公開進行,在這點上她的人權一點都沒有被剝奪。孟晚舟如果在中國被針對,很難想像她能夠得到如此「優厚」的待遇。

到底特朗普是不是預先知道要逮捕孟晚舟?如果知道,那又是不是他的主意?筆者傾向認為特朗普並不知情,更有可能是一些鷹派存心攪局,選擇性執法,不想特朗普和習近平達成貿易協議。這說明人性的高尚與卑劣,並無中外之別。但是在美方有意針對的情況下,已被逮補的孟晚舟仍然擁有在同樣情況下她在中國所沒有的權利,這就說明在保障人權方面,中外制度確有高下之別。

須防義和團重演

現在不少評論認為中美衝突不僅僅是貿易戰這麼簡單,而是一場新的冷戰。但是冷戰並不可怕,可怕的是我們選擇了錯誤的回應。中國要真正強大,就要有言論自由和思想自由,學者、科學家、工程師、企業家要有更寬闊和不受限制的空間來發展,很可惜這幾年中國在這方面卻在走回頭路。中國的民企現在都要設立黨委書記,政治和意識形態進一步影響民企的發展,這不僅會掣肘其業務發展,對整個國家的經濟發展亦無好處,也與中國希望爭取建立市場經濟地位的目標背道而馳。這些舉動看在外國人眼裡,只會加深他們對中國企業隱藏國家任務的顧慮。

中國政府對大學和學者言論自由的箝制,近年不斷加強。現在海外學者到內地演講或舉辦學術會議,手續都較以前繁複,不利於知識交流。現在國內更有在學校恢復政治審查的呼聲,亦即只有對共產黨達到某種忠誠度的人,才能進大學讀書、當研究生、取得研究基金等等。如此既會把大量人才拒諸門外,亦徒然浪費學者的寶貴時間,以證明自己合符資格,甚或為求增加自身機會,而千方百計指證別人不合資格。

最近中國逮捕了兩個加拿大人作為政治報復,筆者以為此等行動應適可而止,這時候最需要冷靜,而非採取敵對的行為,小心玩火自焚。況且眼見官方採取報復行動,民間可會群起效尤?例如捉幾個外國人拳打腳踢、凌辱一番,或圍堵外國領事館,甚或徹底失控,演成一場現代版義和團運動。此時面對亂局,政府要麼予以鎮壓,要麼處於被動,甚至「順應民意」而令事態進一步惡化,兩者均非筆者所願。

華為這麼優秀,我們何不以它為榜樣呢?

註:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/bc4NY7Ollxg3rNAUL8JQpQ

 

趙耀華 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授
(本文同時於二零一八年十二月十九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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Dr. Stephen Y CHIU

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