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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
The U.S. Debt Storm and the Reshuffling of Global Finance

The U.S. Debt Storm and the Reshuffling of Global Finance

23 Apr 2025
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美債風暴與環球金融重新洗牌

 2025年4月,全球金融市場見證了一場教科書級的信用危機。美國10年期國債收益率在短短一周內飆升逾50個基點,觸及4.5%的高位,創下自2001年九一一事件以來最大單周漲幅。這一現象徹底顛覆了美債是全球最安全資產的傳統觀點,也暴露了美元信用體系的深層裂痕。

美債市場轉安為危

要理解這場危機的嚴重性,需從「無風險利率」這一金融學基石概念入手。 美國國債長期被視為全球資產定價的錨點,其收益率用以計算股票估值、外匯定價甚至住宅按揭利率。這種信用的核心在於美國政府的償債能力——理論上可通過印鈔償還債務,因此「不可能違約」。然而,當市場開始質疑這一邏輯,整個金融體系的穩定性便面臨挑戰。

危機的導火線看似是技術性因素。4月8日,美國財政部拍賣3年期國債時需求慘淡,競拍倍數僅2.26,創2023年以來新低;但更深層的結構性矛盾,在於對沖基金的基差交易(basis trade)放大了市場波動。這種策略通過50倍槓桿押注長短期國債價差,若收益率波動超過1%,超過6000億美元的頭寸被迫平倉,就會引發連鎖踩踏。與此同時,傳統美債買家集體撤離,其中中國連續兩個月減持美債,並增持黃金;日本因日元危機拋售美債自救;沙特則通過香港的人民幣跨境支付系統(Cross-border Interbank Payment System ;簡稱CIPS),以人民幣結算石油交易。

這3件大事的疊加並非偶然。中國作為全球最大美債持有國不斷減持,削弱美元的官方儲備需求;日本被動拋售,暴露美債在極端匯率波動中的脆弱性; 沙特嘗試本幣結算,則直接挑戰美元在大宗商品定價中的壟斷地位。當支撐美元信用的「官方儲備錨」、「匯率穩定錨」和「大宗商品錨」同時鬆動,市場終於意識到,所謂無風險資產的神話,本質是全球化時代各國對美國財政與軍事霸權的集體妥協。

美國財政部數據顯示,2025年聯邦政府利息支出或達1.5萬億美元,佔財政收入的三分之一。若美債收益率持續攀升,美國可能陷入借新還舊的債務深淵,並且觸發主權信用危機。這一邏輯的崩塌,標誌着二戰後以美元為核心的全球金融秩序,正面臨前所未有的挑戰。

關稅武器化摧毀市場邏輯

在傳統金融模型中,股市暴跌通常會推動資金湧入國債避險,但本月的市場表現徹底擊破這一規律。短短一星期,美股已蒸發8萬億美元市值,美元指數跌破100關口,美債卻未獲避險資金青睞,反而出現股債匯「三殺」。反常現象源於白宮政策的搖擺與地緣政治博弈的交織。

特朗普的關稅政策成為市場動蕩的催化劑。在8天內,其團隊3次調整對華關稅稅率,一度高達145%。政策不確定性導致企業無法制定長期生產計劃,甚至90天內的供應鏈安排都產生混亂。投資者因此墮進「流動性黑洞」,無論股票、債券還是外匯,所有資產都變成高風險標的,唯一選擇是持有現金。即便白宮緊急暫停部分關稅,但保留的10%基準稅率與90天緩衝期仍未足以緩解恐慌。

尤其深遠的影響來自美元霸權的自我削弱。美國頻繁將金融系統武器化,迫使中國、俄羅斯轉向本幣結算,兩國83%的能源貿易已脫離美元體系。沙特更通過香港的金融基礎設施,以人民幣結算石油交易,直接挑戰美元在大宗商品定價中的壟斷地位。市場難免擔憂,美國可能通過合法違約手段(例如強制將短期國債轉換為50年期零息債券),以化解債務危機。換言之,美債將從避險工具淪為風險源頭。

應對金融範式轉移的投資要訣

這場危機不僅改變了市場運行邏輯,更重塑了人們對金融體系本質的認知。 以下三大宏觀經濟指標的變化,有助普羅大眾掌握新秩序的關鍵。

美債收益率曲線倒掛深度。收益率曲線倒掛(短期國債收益率高於長期)是經濟衰退的警號。目前10年期與2年期美債利差擴大至-120個基點,創下1981年以來最深倒掛。由此可見,市場對美國長期財政的可持續性生疑。當政府債務利息支出吞噬三分之一財政收入(2025年或達1.5萬億美元),投資者自然要求更高的風險溢價。

全球外匯儲備中美元佔比。國際貨幣基金組織數據顯示,美元在全球外匯儲備中的比例已從2001年的73%降至2025年首季的52%,降幅與人民幣、黃金儲備上升同步發生,反映各國央行對美元信用正重新評估。沙特通過香港的CIPS系統,以人民幣結算石油交易,正是去美元化進程的縮影。

人民幣跨境支付比例。人民幣在國際貿易結算中的使用率從2022年的2.7%躍升至2025年4月的9.3%。香港作為全球最大離岸人民幣中心,其人民幣存款規模突破1.2萬億元,成為觀測地緣經濟權力轉移的重要視窗。

香港在去舊迎新中的特殊定位

2025年的金融風暴,本質是對「美國例外論」的集體反思。特朗普政府試圖通過關稅與制裁來維持霸權之際,市場卻還以拋售美債、美股、美元的「三殺」。這場危機揭示了一個不可逆轉的趨勢,世界金融體系正從單一美元錨點轉向多極化格局。

香港的角色,恰如1971年美元與黃金脫鈎時的轉口港,既是舊秩序的見證者,也是新規則的試驗場。其聯繫匯率制度的動態平衡、人民幣國際化進程,以及作為東西方資本橋樑的功能,都在為個人提供檢視宏觀經濟變局的微觀視角。

當紐約的投資銀行交易員還在爭論美國聯邦儲備局何時降息,香港的銀行家已經悄悄做多越南盾和馬來西亞令吉;這些貨幣背後是正在承接中國產業鏈的東南亞工廠。這大概就是全球化的嶄新發展:美元霸權漸露疲態,靈活的小型開放經濟體則率先找到生存縫隙。香港正在這條裂縫中積極地播種未來。

 

章逸飛博士
港大經管學院經濟學高級講師

(本文同時於二零二五年四月二十三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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