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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column

貨幣爭霸 花落誰家 (The race is on for the new world currency)

26 Aug 2020
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貨幣爭霸 花落誰家

近年來,數碼貨幣在世界各地日常經濟活動中已擔當不可或缺的角色,例如中國內地的支付系統,就以微信和支付寶居主導地位,數以億計的消費者已習慣以電子錢包取代現金。臉書正籌備發行新加密幣Libra,標榜為與一籃子官方貨幣掛鈎的「穩定幣」(stablecoin)。在非洲,肯尼亞電訊公司Safaricom亦已推出手機支付程式M-Pesa。

近期媒體報道,中國四大國有銀行由央行牽頭,在深圳等地大規模試驗電子錢包的應用,在正式推出數碼貨幣前進行測試。此舉備受西方媒體關注,發展數碼貨幣或有利於人民幣國際化,透過實現「去美元化」,減少在國際貿易結算上對美元的依賴,從而抗衡美元霸權。

挑戰美元霸權

自1944年以來,美元一直作為全球儲備貨幣,國際貿易大都以美元結算,多國中央銀行的儲備資產亦常以美元計價,反映國際上對美元需求龐大;作為儲備貨幣發行國,美國也在國際上別具金融政策優勢,可藉此大大減輕借貸成本,以支持其巨額財政開支及貿易逆差,以致不少國家產生不滿。

早於上世紀六十年代,時任法國財政部部長德斯坦(Valery Giscard d’Estaing)就稱之為「過高的特權」,但美元的霸權地位至今依然屹立不倒,近年才有個別國家採取措施,試圖挑戰。俄羅斯總統普京的經濟顧問格拉濟耶夫(Sergei Glazyev)可說是「去美元化」運動先驅,為此積極游說各國政府在石油貿易等結算,改用其他貨幣。

格拉濟耶夫更將美國政府濫用其優勢稱為「金融恐怖主義」。自從2018年中美貿易糾紛以來,俄羅斯便一直積極拋售所持美國國債,並游說各國政府效法。

可以想像,愈來愈多國家勢將逐漸減輕美元作為交易貨幣的依賴。鑑於地緣政局緊張、新冠肺炎疫情反覆、金價屢創新高,更有投資大行指出,美元或會被黃金取代。

人幣結算之選

原油主要通過商品期貨市場交易,是世界上最活躍的商品,其價格主要取決於兩大基準期貨合約:一)紐約商品交易所通過實物交收結算的美國西得克薩斯中質(West Texas Intermediate,簡稱 WTI)原油;二)主要在洲際交易所交易的北海布蘭特原油。

兩份合約均以美元定價和結算,主要目的是提高以美元計算石油價格的穩定性。石油美元體系除了將美元提升為世界儲備貨幣,鞏固美國的經濟霸權之外,還通過石油美元「循環利用」,為美國金融市場提供了流動性和外國資本流入的來源。

中國作為全球最大的石油輸入國,為了建立一個非美元計價的石油市場,2018年推出以人民幣結算的原油期貨合約,在上海國際能源交易所交易。這份合約另一特點是其「黃金後盾」,皆因人民幣並非自由流通貨幣,此合約容許投資者在上海交易所以人民幣賣出石油後,可以選擇用其人民幣收益在同一交易所以實時黃金價格購買及收取黃金。此舉的一個重要訊息是石油交易以黃金進行,也就是朝削弱美元在國際商品市場上的地位踏出一大步。

權勢此消彼長

國際美元支付其實需要一種國際支付系統。多年來環球同業銀行金融電訊協會(SWIFT)作為國際電滙網絡,便擔當起促進大部分國際貿易的結算功能,但近年美國政府以之制裁敵國,例如禁止伊朗使用SWIFT進行國際交易,亦威脅用同一手段,迫使委內瑞拉在談判中就範,因而備受俄羅斯和中國詬病,亦構成在國際間展開去美元化運動的誘因。

美國的長期盟友如法國、英國和德國,同樣對美國在外交問題上獨斷獨行的作風甚感不滿。德國認為美元霸權亟待解決;2018年8月,德國外長呼籲歐盟國家自行發展國際支付系統以取代SWIFT,並擺脫對美元結算的過度依賴。對於美元作為國際結算貨幣的地位,這無疑已響起警號。歐盟外交政策負責人更與伊朗外長宣布,合作開發一個新支付系統,以防止美國干涉別國的金融事務。為免環球金融受美國操控,看來重新建立世界金融秩序已是刻不容緩。

加密貨幣原意在於替代政府所發行的貨幣,但隨着各國各自發展數碼貨幣,加密貨幣如比特幣,一度被視為足以取代傳統貨幣。但要具備傳統貨幣系統的一應功能,而且較美元更具成為各大央行儲備資產的條件,恐怕不易達到。

至於美國、俄羅斯和中國在嶄新數碼貨幣爭霸戰中,將會誰勝誰負?

在歐美外交關係轉淡,SWIFT系統地位受到衝擊之際,俄羅斯和中國在國際金融事務上已取得較大話語權,出現漸與美國分權的形勢。其他國家(尤其是歐盟)到底會支持哪一方?目前難以預料。

新貴尚待確立

據英國《金融時報》2020年2月12日的報道,中國央行就其即將推出「數碼貨幣電子支付系統」(DC/EP),已申請了84項相關專利,主要在於設計能夠控制數碼人民幣發行和供應的數據傳遞系統,進行與實體銀行間的結算,以及整合央行數碼貨幣(Central Bank Digital Currency)和零售銀行之間的系統。部分專利更顯示內地已發展成針對通貨膨脹控制的機制程式,可見中國在數碼貨幣的開發和應用技術方面已大幅拋離歐美。

其他主要經濟體(如日本央行)雖亦急起直追,積極創建數碼貨幣化日圓,但隨着中國在國際政經舞台上的影響力與日俱增,不排除友邦國會逐步採用中國的主權數碼貨幣系統,而減少依賴美元作為國際交易貨幣。

數碼貨幣區(Digital Currency Area)既然跨越國界,數碼貨幣難免在全球出現群雄競逐的局面,應用範圍或會受到各國監管架構的限制。與數碼貨幣區相關的電子網絡也可能會採用不同方式來處理數據,涉及用戶私隱一環更尤其如此,例如中國、歐洲和美國就各有不同的監管框架,以至某些電子支付網絡只能用於個別經濟區或司法管轄區等;這可能是數碼貨幣國際化的終極考驗。

鑑於新冠肺炎大流行帶來複雜的風險與變數,數碼貨幣今後能否在國際上加以整合,從而取代傳統貨幣,無疑有待進一步觀察。

 

謝國生博士
香港大學經濟及工商管理學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

(本文同時於二零二零年八月廿六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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