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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
The pros and cons of economic stimulus packages

The pros and cons of economic stimulus packages

26 May 2021
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巨額經濟紓困計劃的利弊

針對2019冠狀病毒病大流行危機,繼美國國會2020年先後通過總值2.3萬億和9000億美元的紓困法案,今年3月,總統拜登又簽署總值1.9萬億美元的「美國救援計劃法案」,共佔美國本地生產總值(GDP)的24%,數目之大,就連2009年為應付金融危機推出的8000億美元經濟刺激方案,也顯得相形見絀。

提振經濟不易

據紐約聯邦儲備銀行對消費者支出的調查【表】,綜觀三輪紓困措施,美國消費者平均會將35.2%的援助金用作償還債務,38.4%作為儲蓄,用作消費的只佔26.5%。2020年美國信用卡債務減少近830億美元,跌幅佔全國信用卡債務12%。儘管2021年1月消費支出按月增長2.4%,為7個月來最大增幅,但同期個人收入已增長10.1%,可見該國消費還未回到疫前水平,世紀一遇的疫災令消費者趨向謹慎。

表:美國家庭從經濟刺激方案獲派款項用途

刺激方案第1輪第2輪第3輪
申報月份2020年6月2021 年 1 月2021 年 3 月
消費平均佔比29.2%25.5%24.7%
儲蓄平均佔比36.4%37.1%41.6%
償債平均佔比34.5%37.4%33.7%

資料來源:紐約聯邦儲備銀行消費者預期調查

更有甚者,1.9萬億美元紓困方案或為經濟帶來長期損失。其主要爭議之一是方案將減低產出缺口(output gap,亦即潛在GDP與實際出現GDP之差),並可能引發通脹壓力。美國前財長薩默斯(Lawrence Summers)認為,全球金融海嘯後,美國在2009至2019年這10年間,經濟復甦步伐為第二次大戰以來最慢。他最近又在《華盛頓郵報》撰文,指正當美國經濟預期快速增長,而消費需求仍未復元,私人儲蓄更大量過剩之際,9000億和1.9萬億美元的兩項刺激經濟計劃實在過於龐大。另一邊廂,拜登政府則顯然主張刺激經濟力度愈猛愈好。

2019至2020年,美國GDP下降了3.5%,遠低於大多數經濟學家在疫情爆發時的預測。考慮到2020年下半年強勁的經濟增長,GDP的產出缺口估計約為GDP的4%。薩默斯和其他經濟學家並無否定需要更多財政刺激措施,但須考慮數額、時機和性質等因素。在疫後經濟繼續復甦的大前提下,1.9萬億美元的方案已佔美國GDP的9%,遠超出了4%的產出缺口。事實上,高於4%的增長就可能導致經濟過熱,引發通脹壓力。

提防通脹隱憂

聯儲局在2020年8月調整通脹政策,把過往2%的長遠通脹目標,由上限改為平均數值,亦即通脹率可在2%水平上下調節。至於有關維持此一平均通脹目標的具體時段,聯儲局則未有任何行政上的方針。

聯儲局近期似乎已經擺脫了對通脹的擔憂。2021年3月,聯儲局將本年經濟增長預測從去年12月的4.2%上調至6.5%,並將通脹預期上調至2.2%,失業率則從5%下調至4.5%;同時預測2022年經濟增長達3.3%、通脹率2%、失業率3.9%。由於近10年美國的勞動力參與率偏低,故此聯儲局也不太顧慮失業率下降導致工資上漲。

鑑於估計經濟快速復甦,即使2021年通脹加速,聯儲局仍不打算收緊貨幣政策,並計劃直至2024年將利率目標維持在近零水平;主要論點是會導致長期通脹緊縮的因素,例如人口老齡化、技術創新和全球化等,仍在發揮作用。該局主席鮑威爾在國會作證時表示,他並不擔心近期長期債券收益率上升,指出這類債券的表現似乎反映出市場對經濟前景日益樂觀。

但與此同時,M2貨幣供應量由2010至2019年期間,每年以5.8%增長,自2020年2月以來,則已飆升27%至4.2萬億美元。這是1943年以來貨幣供應量的最大增幅,主因是聯儲局資產負債表規模增加3.3萬億美元。目前的M2貨幣供應速度仍然處於歷史性低水平,但如果貨幣供應速度加快,則會導致通脹上升。

部分商品的通貨膨脹亦正加劇。疫情令生產能力降低,工廠難以交付貨物,供應鏈投入價格因原材料短缺、運輸成本上升和商品價格攀升而上揚,導致今年1月生產者價格指數(Producer Price Index,簡稱PPI)按月上升1.3%,2月上升0.5%,3月上升1%,至4月又上漲了1.3%,將12個月的增幅推高至5%,為10年來增幅之冠。企業亦逐漸通過向消費者提高價格,以收回增加的成本。因應需求驅動而供應緊張的經濟往往引發通貨膨脹。

赤字預算作風

商界及金融市場普遍認為疫情不可能於短期內完全消失,但專業投資者當前所憂慮的市場風險並非疫情,而是通貨膨脹。債券投資者恐怕債券價格下跌,而不分青紅皂白拋售債券,導致美國10年期國債收益率在近期暴漲。雖然是次債券危機並未如2013年債券恐慌時嚴重;當年美國10年期國債收益率在大概短短4個月內就已攀升到1.2%,債券增長速度更為劇烈,反觀目前國債收益率升至1.37%,則歷時近7個月。

在疫災或會重燃的陰影下,美國股市亦在聯儲局4月貨幣政策會議紀錄發布後大幅下跌,恐慌指數一度飆升20%。聯儲局部分官員似乎已準備在經濟復甦加快速度下,考慮改變貨幣政策,調整資產購買的步伐。

對於近年來背負廉價債務借款人,尤其是主權政府和企業而言,高利率都將構成負擔。2020年,各國政府因刺激經濟而增加的財政債務達16.3萬億美元,增幅為20%。同年美國政府的公共債務亦上升3萬億美元以上,佔GDP的120%,若包括第三輪的1.9萬億美元方案,GDP佔比更達130%,為二戰後的最高水平(二戰以來的75年間,美國政府有63年出現預算赤字)。

長遠而言,美國難免因債務負擔沉重的趨勢而引起經濟隱憂。國會預算辦公室預計,至2051年,單是聯邦政府的債務將倍增至GDP的202%。自疫症爆發以來,該國企業承擔的新債務共1.5萬億美元。2020年,基於房屋按揭、學生和汽車貸款增加,美國家庭債務增長2.9%至14.6萬億美元。可幸的是利率低企,借款人的償債能力尚見強勁。

面對頗大的利率和通脹風險,關鍵在於通脹上升屬暫時性、周期性抑或結構性。雖然通脹趨升足以令債務貶值,可用較便宜的美元還債,但高利率卻會增加借款人及企業的再融資成本,並削弱其融資能力,對經濟前景自然構成威脅。

2008年全球金融危機後及當前疫症大流行後的經濟復甦都有賴央行長期保持低利率政策,但通貨膨脹帶來的高利率卻會窒礙復甦。為應對冠狀病毒病造成的經濟災難,美國政府被迫推出史上最大規模的紓困方案。方案雖對重啟經濟能收一時之效,但債務上升、公共財政惡化,以及通脹壓力等長期後遺症,絕對不容忽視。

 

謝國生博士

港大經管學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

(本文同時於二零二一年五月二十六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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