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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
The future of robotics, AI and employment

The future of robotics, AI and employment

16 Sep 2020
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機械人技術 人工智能和就業的未來

自資訊革命以來,許多關鍵技術已經取得突破。電腦和機械人曾經只能取代簡單和重複性強的職位,例如電話總機操作員,流水線工人和倉庫搬運工,但現在人工智能已經開始取代需要大量培訓和經驗的職位。例如,傳統上,糖尿病患者需要眼科醫生檢查是否有糖尿病引發的視網膜病變,但根據《自然》雜誌最近的報道,人工智能已經能夠協助醫生檢測這種眼部病變了。即便是需要創造力的領域(很多人認為是人類擁有絕對優勢的領域),人工智能也開始發揮其作用。例如,美國流行歌手Taryn Southern就使用了包括IBM,Google和Amper在內的多個人工智能軟件來製作她名為I AM AI專輯中的音樂。

經濟預測和定量分析公司牛津經濟(Oxford Economics)的研究報告指出,自2000年以來,已有170萬個職位被自動化技術取代。受疫情影響,企業和員工都擔心疫症在人與人之間互相傳染,勢必加快自動化的進程。我們不禁擔憂失業問題惡化,也會疑惑隨着愈來愈多職位被人工智能和機械人取代,世界經濟會如何發展?

兩種影響有憂有喜

討論人工智能和機械人技術對就業的影響時,經濟學家會提及兩種效應:第一種效應令不少人感到擔憂,稱為取代效應(displacement effect):人工智能和機械人將以其優越的生產力取代人手工作。根據普華永道(PWC)的預測,到2037年,英國現有的兩成職位和中國現有的兩成六職位都會被人工智能和相關技術取代。

第二種影響則令人感到欣慰,稱為生產力效應(productivity effect):人工智能令生產成本下降,導致企業產量增加。為了應對增加的產量,企業需要僱用更多工人從事沒有被自動化的工作,因此,人工智能創造了更多就業。

目前沒有人能確定哪一種效應更為顯著。普華永道表示,人工智能對於英國總體就業淨影響大致是中性的,而對中國的淨影響則是輕微負面。 但是一些經濟學家,包括麻省理工學院的達倫.阿西莫格魯(Daron Acemoglu)和波士頓大學的帕斯誇爾.雷斯特雷波(Pascual Restrepo)在2019年發表於《劍橋地區經濟與社會雜誌》的文章,卻表達了較為悲觀的看法,即取代效應可能大於生產力效應。兩位學者更在2020年《政治經濟學雜誌》發表的文章中估算,若每千名工人中再增加一個機械人,就業人口的比率就會降低約0.18至0.34個百分點,平均薪酬則降低0.25至0.5個百分點。牛津大學經濟學家丹尼爾.蘇斯金德(Daniel Susskind)甚至更悲觀地指出,就算生產力效應創造出的新職位,可能更適合交由機器或人工智能工作,所以生產力效應不會大幅增加職位,甚至乎增加的職位並不存在。

機械人稅難以落實

對於減緩人工智能和機械人造成的取代效應,以及隨之而來的收入不均,已有不同人士提出相關建議。2017年2月,比爾.蓋茨(Bill Gates)在一次採訪中提出對使用機械人的企業徵稅。該提議引發了不少爭論,一方面,他的提議有一定依據:對擁有機械人的企業徵稅,增加機械人的使用成本,可以減緩人工智能和機械人技術取代人類勞動力;再把所得收入分發給因機械人和自動化失業的人,可以同時緩解收入不均的情況。

然而,以經濟學家兼美國前總統奧巴馬國家經濟委員會主席勞倫斯.薩默斯(Lawrence Summers)為代表的人士則批評,這個提議難以落實。一方面,實際操作時,如何判斷機械人應否被算入納稅範圍將十分困難,另一方面,對機械人和人工智能徵稅會減緩科技創新。

其他方案包括透過全民基本收入(Universal Basic Income,俗稱派錢),保障因人工智能和機械人而失業的人,可是,提議的財政成本不菲,也會削弱員工工作的積極性,繼而退出勞工市場。第二,員工選擇不去工作,可能會失去之前積累的人力資本,即使以後返回工作崗位,生產力也不如以往。第三,當更多人選擇退出勞工市場時,也會加快人工智能取代人手工作的速度。

筆者也對因人工智能帶來的職位流失感到擔憂,亦認為過渡期間會為失業者帶來巨大痛楚。但筆者也想指出在相關討論中常被忽略的兩點:首先,人工智能只會搶職位,而不會搶產品。其次,市場最終會被結清,產品的供需關係將會達到平衡,即所有市場上的產出都會落到消費者手中。

減少工時帶動就業

企業用人工智能代替工人的主要原因是人工智能擁有強大的生產力,也易於規模化。企業使用人工智能從事生產時,可以更低成本生產更多產品。這些產品和服務需要消費者,由於人工智能和機器並不購買這些產品,因此產品最終將落入人類之手。普通人每天消費的大多數產品,一般不會被富裕階層大量購買:即使有錢人的財富是普通人的一百倍以上,也不需要一百部智能手機,不需要每餐吃一百碗飯,更不會一個人買幾百部汽車(就算買,也不會是中產或低收入家庭所使用的型號)。結果,企業仍須依靠大眾市場來售賣產品,而大眾市場中的主要購買者就是普通人。換句話說,即使普通人的名義工資非常低,但對應的商品和服務的價格將會更低,使得產品最終會被賣出。

為了解決自動化造成的技術失業問題,筆者提議,政府可以考慮立法減少標準工時。員工可以將每天的工作時間減少至6小時,或者每周工作4天。這樣,同樣的工作量就需要僱用更多員工來完成,因此本來會因為人工智能而失業的人可繼續工作,從而減緩人工智能對收入不均的負面衝擊。即使普通人因為工時減少,導致收入降低,只要人工智能和機械人在新的市場均衡中增加產品和服務生產的數量,這些產品和服務的均衡價格就會調整到收入較低人士也能夠負擔的水平。

房育輝教授
港大經管學院教授(管理及商業策略、經濟學)

(本文同時於二零二零年九月十六日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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