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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column

Tackle Public Housing Shortage Through Under-occupied Households

13 Feb 2019
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解決公屋短缺   從寬敞戶入手

公共租住房屋(公屋)輪候時間正不斷延長,輪候統計數字屢創新高。根據房委會的資料,2018年9月底,一般公屋申請約150200宗,配額及計分制下的非長者一人申請則約117500宗;一般申請者的平均輪候時間為5.5年,遠遠偏離平均約3年獲首次編配單位的目標。

住房是基本需要,輪候公屋的又都是基層家庭,遲遲不獲編配,這些家庭就要繼續住私樓或劏房,兼捱貴租。這些家庭原本收入已低,扣除昂貴租金開支後,剩下不多,就更加捉襟見肘了。解決有關問題實在刻不容緩。

供應不足的問題癥結

社會往往聚焦於增加供應,我認為解決住屋問題除了覓地興建房屋之外,更應從公屋的編配效率入手。

利用公開數據作粗略計算:現時公屋的認可居民為數共約210 萬,公屋租戶的人均居住面積為13.3平方米。由此可算出全港公屋總面積約為2793萬平方米。按房屋委員會(房委會)既定的人均居住面積標準(7.5平方米)編配給這210 萬人,所需面積只為1575萬平方米;換言之,餘下的1218萬平方米可讓正在輪候公屋的家庭入住。

假設150200宗的一般公屋申請的家庭平均人數為4人,加上117500宗非長者一人申請,按房委會的人均居住面積標準編配,大概需要539萬平方米 (【註】)。

這個推算結果十分驚人,以房委會的人均居住面積標準編配,不僅只是輪候冊上所有申請者都可獲安置,更尚餘大概680萬平方米,足以安置多一倍輪候冊上所有申請者。所以,若能理順編配,公屋短缺的問題就能迎刃而解。

鑑於公屋的人均居住面積為13.3平方米,遠超既定7.5平方米的標準,足見歷屆房委會和立法會房屋事務委員會實有嚴重失職之嫌。

房委會的一貫政策,乃基於租戶的家庭人數,按既定居住面積標準來編配公屋單位。然而租戶家庭人數或隨各種因素而改變,例如內地家人來港團聚,或小孩出生等,都導致平均居住面積低於原定標準,就會成為「擠迫戶」。反之,若家庭人數減少(因遷出、離世、結婚、移民等),而餘下租戶成員的平均居住面積超出原定標準,則會成為「寬敞戶」。

為什麼現時寬敞戶多,而擠迫戶少呢?一方面當然是擠迫戶會主動申請調遷至較大單位;另一方面,寬敞戶則往往不願提出遷往較小單位。

平衡需求的經濟手段

冰凍三尺,非一日之寒。日積月累,寬敞戶愈來愈多,最終造成公屋供應短缺。實際上並非供應不足,而是分配不均。

早在2006年,立法會房屋事務委員會就曾討論關於公屋寬敞戶的問題和對策。房委會亦曾嘗試處理此一問題,不過就對寬敞戶定義過寬;以三人家庭為例,室內樓面面積多於44平方米(即超標21.5平方米)才算寬敞戶(【表1】)。

根據政府的資料,截至2016 年9 月,即使剔除約32800 宗有殘障或年屆70 歲或以上成員的個案後,寬敞戶仍有30400宗。有關問題顯然已難以在短期內妥善處理,於是有必要優先處理超級寬敞戶。同樣以三人家庭為例,室內樓面面積超逾53平方米(即超標30.5平方米)才算超級寬敞戶(【表2】)。

近年有立法會房屋事務委員會成員,要求房委會考慮把有60 歲或以上家庭成員的住戶從寬敞戶名單中剔除,對此我實在不敢苟同,因為隨着人口老化,寬敞戶積累的問題只會因此更趨嚴重,而公屋申請者的輪候時間亦只會更長。

社會各界在討論公共房屋政策時萬勿忘記,對寬敞戶愈仁慈,就是對輪候公屋的基層家庭愈不仁慈。輪候公屋的基層家庭在捱貴租之餘,其人均居住面積遠遠少於7.5平方米。畢竟公共房屋資源十分珍貴,並須以巨額公帑補貼,額外補貼寬敞戶無疑於理不合。當局理應在編配政策上好好把關才對。
筆者建議給寬敞戶一個主動申請調遷的誘因。理論上,無論比標準多1平方米抑或多40平方米,同屬寬敞戶。在這個大前提之下,何不以累進形式對超標的居住面積收取額外租金?

譬如住房面積是X,住戶有n 個成員,標準居住面積應是7.5n。 超標的額外居住面積可把每7.5平方米(人均標準居住面積)訂為一級別,從而累進提高租金。

Y=X-7.5n 就是超標的額外居住面積。假設每平方米標準租金為k,住在標準面積的住戶應繳租金 7.5nk;寬敞戶則應按超標的額外居住面積(Y)交租:

0<Y≤7.5, 租金=7.5nk+Y×(k+d)

7.5<Y≤15, 租金=7.5nk+7.5×(k+d)+(Y-7.5)×(k+2d)

15<Y≤22.5, 租金=7.5nk+7.5×(k+d)+7.5×(k+2d)+(Y-15)×(k+3d)

如此類推。

再以三人家庭為例,現居於一個40平方米的公屋單位。以每月標準租金每平方米80元計,累進額外租金變數 (d) 訂為40元。在現行制度下,標準的居住面積和超標的額外居住面積收同額租金,這個家庭每月租金為3200 元(80×40)。若按筆者建議的新制,這個家庭每月應付租金如下:

居住面積級別每平方米租金每月應付租金
標準 22.5 平方米80元1800元
額外 7.5 平方米120900
額外 7.5 平方米1601200
額外 2.5 平方米200500
總租金4400元

 

因為依級別累進提高租金,超標面積愈多的寬敞戶,就愈具誘因申請調遷到較小的單位。新措施不再透過行政手段,一刀切逼寬敞戶調遷,而是包容個別家庭的需要。寬敞戶繳交累進租金,才算對一般住在標準面積的住戶相對公平,以及對納稅人公平。

釐定累進額外租金變數 (d) 須花點心思。筆者認為新措施可把累進額外租金變數 (d) 定為0.5×標準租金,作為起點。對於正在繳交雙倍租金的富戶,累進額外租金變數 (d) 則以0.5×2×標準租金為起點,如此類推。累進額外租金變數 (d) 可以定期調整(譬如每兩年一次),主要參考寬敞戶主動申請調遷的成效和公屋輪候時間予以調整。

不要小看這個小措施。香港租住公屋的人口眾多,一旦理順公屋編配,相信公屋短缺問題就可迎刃而解;對私人樓房的需求將逐步降低,私樓租金和樓價也有望下調,達至較可負擔的水平,對開發土地興建樓宇的需求自會因而減退。

註        150200×4×7.5+117500×7.5

表1     「寬敞戶」標準與居住面積標準對照

家庭成員(人數)123456
(i)室內樓面超逾面積(平方米)253544566271
(ii)房委會既定居住面積標準(平方米)7.51522.53037.545
(i)與(ii)差額(平方米)17.52021.52624.526

 

表2     「超級寬敞戶」標準與居住面積標準對照

家庭成員(人數)123456
(i)室內樓面超逾面積(平方米)304253677485
(ii)房委會既定居住面積標準(平方米)7.51522.53037.545
(i)與(ii)差額(平方米)22.52730.53736.540

 

王家富 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院首席講師

(本文同時於二零一九年二月十三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)​

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