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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Reducing Influence Activities at Workplace

Reducing Influence Activities at Workplace

19 Jul 2023
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讓阿諛者無用「諛」之地

漢朝宗室大臣兼文學家劉向在《說苑.臣術》篇中將人臣分為十二種類型,六為正,六為邪,其中「諛」便是「六邪」之一。篇中將其描述為「主所言皆曰善,主所為皆曰可,隱而求主之所好而進之,以快主之耳目,偷合茍容,與主為樂,不顧其後害,如此者,諛臣也」,意指那些認為君主說的話都是好的、君主的行為都是對的,只會投其所好、阿諛奉承,助長君主的逸樂而不顧嚴重後果的馬屁精。

正視歷史積習

2023年張藝謀導演的新電影《滿江紅》中,再現了南宋著名佞臣秦檜的反面形象。歷史上,秦檜就精通「阿諛」之術。在金人入侵、山河破碎之際,秦檜靠曲意逢迎,從金人的階下囚扶搖而上成為金人的座上賓。對宋朝而言喪權辱國的《紹興和議》確立後,秦檜為維護和議的合法性與正當性,為宋高宗御書《紹興石經.詩經》寫了題跋,吹捧宋高宗可比肩堯舜孔子。上梁不正下梁歪,秦檜作為當權宰相任人唯親,也吸引了一批諂媚的跟隨者。秦檜自建的「一德格天閣」竣工後,地方官員的賀信和賀禮自全國似雪片般飛來,奉承秦檜是可媲美商朝開國元勛伊尹和「華夏第一相」管仲的「賢相」以至「聖相」。諛臣秦檜的專政使朝廷烏煙瘴氣,給當朝百姓和真正為民為國的良臣帶來了許多苦果。

這種討好上級的做法,在經濟學裏稱之為「逢迎行為」(Influence Activities)。具體來說,逢迎行為是指在廣泛提及的直接行賄或輸送其他私人利益等方式之外,下屬為了提高自己在績效考核中的表現,將更多時間和精力用於影響負責考核的上級領導的主觀評價上。這種行為有時候是有價值的,比如下屬更積極主動地完成考核領導所安排的工作,或更加積極主動地參與考核領導所倡議或啟動的項目,並在考核領導更加看重的能力或態度方面作出提升和改進等。但很多時候,這種行為可能是毫無意義的,且嚴重背離組織(企業、學校、政府等各類機構)的發展目標,比如下屬分配大量精力去溜鬚拍馬,為考核領導處理很多工作以外的私人事務等。

無論是在政府還是企業中,馬屁精都大量存在,並招致一系列問題,比如科學決策的失效、職務腐敗的增多、組織運轉效率的降低、人力成本的浪費、同事關係的惡化等等。然而,逢迎行為本身很難覺察也不易禁止,那如何在組織的頂層設計中盡可能規避其負面影響呢?近期,筆者與合作者們在《美國經濟評論》發表的一項研究中便提供了相關思路【註】。

改善考核設計

我們的研究團隊與中國內地兩個省份開展合作,對近4000名剛入職的基層公務員的考核機制進行了深入分析。通過對比兩種試點考核機制,量化了逢迎行為對基層公務員工作效率的影響。具體來說,我們利用中國內地獨特的「黨政雙領導」制度去識別逢迎行為並分析其影響。在這一制度下,每名基層公務員都有兩個分別來自黨委和行政機關的上級領導,且這兩位領導對下屬的績效評估對其職業晉升都有決定性作用。

第一種考核機制為「事前已知」型考核,即下屬從剛開始工作時,就知道誰是其工作績效考核的領導,而該考核領導是在下屬剛開始工作時被隨機選出。研究發現,在這一考核機制下,事前被確定為負責考核的上級領導相比另一名非考核領導在年終績效評估時對同一下屬的評價明顯更為正面。同時,下屬的確將更多時間和精力用於負責考核的上級領導所交派的工作,並傾向於認為負責考核的上級領導所交派的工作更為重要,且在負責考核的上級領導更為看重的能力和(或)態度方面進步更明顯。

第二種考核機制為「事後隨機」型:下屬開始工作時並不知道誰是其工作績效的考核領導,而考核領導是在年終績效評估時以隨機抽籤方式決定的。相對於第一種安排,事後抽籤引入了考核領導身份的不確定性。研究發現,在「事後隨機」組別中,兩名上級領導對同一下屬的評價沒有顯著區別。這說明下屬若不知道考核領導是誰,逢迎行為就會明顯減少。更重要的是,「事後隨機」組別的下屬會選擇更加努力工作,花更多時間和精力盡忠職守,進而在其一系列工作績效評估指標上都有更好的表現(包括兩名領導的評價、同事的評價、績效工資、加班程度等)。

扭轉逢迎歪風

該研究結果為各類組織和企業設計績效評價體系提供了重要的啟示。主觀績效評價在公共和私營部門都被廣泛使用。然而,當工作任務本身具有多維性和定義模糊的情況下,主觀評價往往難以對員工的努力和績效作出清晰客觀的衡量,並促使下屬專注於迎合考核者的個人喜好或私人利益。當下屬不確定誰是考核領導時,就會把更多精力投入到對組織整體有利的有效率任務上。這種機制設計減少了下屬逢迎單一領導的偏好,顯著地提高下屬的工作績效,並彌補主觀評價機制的缺陷。

對於政府部門來說,在考核中引進隨機考核機制,還對提升政府工作文化和公務員職業道德產生深遠的正面影響。例如,上述研究還發現,在「事前已知」組別,基層公務員更有可能認為「處理上下級關係」是工作中遇到的最大挑戰。與之相比,在「事後隨機」考核機制下,基層公務員對政府的信念也發生了重要改變:他們會更可能認為在政府體制下,努力工作可以得到回報,並且相信政府系統是任人唯賢的。

此外,研究結果也意味着,中國獨特的「黨政雙領導」制,比起單一領導的情況,能夠在減輕逢迎行為上發揮重要作用。事實上,全世界的各類組織也愈來愈多地採用雙重或多重領導方式,並將其制度化。例如,愈來愈多的私營企業現在將首席執行官(CEO)與首席運營官(COO)搭配管理業務,也有企業設置總裁辦公室,多人共同決策。在學術界,當大學決定是否要頒發「終身教授」頭銜給某教員時,也必須匿名諮詢外部學者,索取其推薦信作為考核的重要依據。隱秘的評估者就像投票的「匿名箱」,讓狡猾的阿諛者摸不清方向,也就無用「諛」之地。

 

鳴謝:港大經管學院ESG研究所所長助理何思睿在本文寫作過程中提供了幫助,特此鳴謝。

註:de Janvry, A., He, G., Sadoulet, E., Wang, S., & Zhang, Q. (2023). “Subjective Performance Evaluation, Influence Activities, and Bureaucratic Work Behavior: Evidence from China”. American Economic Review, 113(3), 766-799.

 

何國俊博士
港大經管學院經濟學、管理及商業策略副教授

(本文同時於二零二三年七月十九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

 

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