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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Reality through the prism of memories

Reality through the prism of memories

9 Dec 2020
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記憶碎片中的現實

萊尼和妻子在家中受歹徒襲擊,妻子被姦殺,萊尼腦部受傷,康復後人生目標只有一個:找到兇手,為妻子報仇。無奈他患上短期失憶症,只能記得剛剛幾分鐘發生的事,其餘就忘得一乾二淨,又怎能追查兇手的線索?他住在某個汽車旅館,但記不起入住的來由;有些人在幫他,他卻不記得見過對方,也不敢完全信任他們。

這就是電影《凶心人》(Memento)的情節,內地譯名為《記憶碎片》,台灣則譯作《記憶拼圖》。電影發行於2000年,導演是後來聲名大噪的基斯杜化.路蘭,當時剛出道不久,已有不同凡響的表現。全片採用獨特的片段式倒敍手法,呈現劇情的來龍去脈──英雄孤軍作戰,最終克服困難,實現人生目標;聽來驟似老套,但其實別有深意。

故事主人翁萊尼利用一些簡單而有效的方法:寶麗萊相機、在照片寫下線索;最重要的線索,則在自己身上刻成刺青,以免丟失或遭人篡改。

幫助萊尼的有兩個人,一個是自稱便衣警察的泰迪,常為萊尼提供兇手線索,並告訴他過去發生了什麼事。第二個是酒吧女侍應娜塔莉,她查到兇手名字是John G,並且找到他的車牌號碼。不過這兩人之間卻充滿敵意,都告訴萊尼不可相信對方。

故事中的故事

觀眾在看萊尼的故事,而在影片中,萊尼對着電話說出另外一個故事。

以前他有一個客戶叫森美,同樣患有短期失憶症。森美的太太不相信丈夫真的失憶,覺得可能只是心理障礙,最終想出一個測試的方法。她有糖尿病,每次都是森美給她注射胰島素;他深愛太太,絕不可能為了裝病而危及她的生命。有一天,太太在注射胰島素5分鐘後,故意對他說又到注射時間了。森美毫不懷疑,立刻又打了一針。連續三針打下來,太太終於知道森美的病是真的,可也因為胰島素過量而喪生。

在這個故事的最後,森美獨個兒住在醫院裏,面目安詳,對過去發生的事茫無所知。他知道太太已經不在人世,卻不知死因。在他腦海中殘留的鎏金歲月,夫婦倆恩愛如昔。

自欺欺人的悲劇

為了體現記憶的破碎,並逐步重組真相,影片的倒敍手法先給觀眾賣個關子,隨後透過抽絲剝繭,慢慢展現出一幅合理的拼圖。泰迪確實是便衣警察,他刻意提供線索,一心利用患失憶症的萊尼殺掉好幾個販毒分子,自己順便撈些好處,例如獨攬毒販車裏的幾萬元現金。

娜塔莉的毒販男友被萊尼殺死後,她就轉而利用萊尼,故意惹他將自己打得鼻青臉腫;幾分鐘過後,萊尼已忘掉此事,她就說是仇人所為,激萊尼去擺平仇人。娜塔莉其實想除掉泰迪,為男友報仇,所以把泰迪的真名(John G)和車牌號碼告訴萊尼,說他就是殺害他妻子的兇手。

到此為止,仍然是個老套故事,一個無辜的人被人利用而不自知。

萊尼一直以為自己有自由意志,千方百計為妻子復仇,其實淪為別人的工具。反思我們自己,會不會也是別人手裏的工具呢?真心追求的東西,例如國家利益、民族大義、民主自由,會否也是別人掛在我們鼻子前的胡蘿蔔呢?

真相逐層揭露,愈發令人震驚。泰迪告訴萊尼,他的妻子並沒有死,所謂為妻復仇,根本毫無道理。影片中有一瞬間,萊尼與妻子躺在床上,胸膛可見刺青,足證太太遇襲後依然活着。泰迪又說,萊尼已經報過仇了,並以一張照片證明,滿身是血的萊尼面露笑容,身旁是一個死者。但萊尼不願接受這些事實;不去復仇,人生目的何在?於是把照片搶過來燒掉。他手中的一些警方報告,其中關鍵的幾頁不翼而飛,原來是自己故意撕掉,自我欺騙。

影片一開始,萊尼開槍殺死泰迪,無疑是娜塔莉的陷害,但也是萊尼為求隱瞞真相,以繼續他的狂想。至此觀眾才恍然大悟,萊尼不僅受騙,更在自我欺騙;他處心積慮,把自己塑造成不幸的受害人兼正義的復仇者。觀眾一直從電影主角的視角出發而所理解的因果關係,不過是主角憑空臆造出來而已。

至於森美的故事,究竟與萊尼有什麼關係?泰迪告訴萊尼:森美這個人也純屬萊尼的虛構。劇終時,醫院中森美坐在輪椅上,態度安詳,但一瞬間卻幻化為萊尼的面目,觀眾方才意識到,森美的故事其實正是萊尼的寫照,萊尼太太去世,只因她為了測試萊尼的病而注射了過多胰島素。

人性與政治有色眼鏡

作為觀眾,我們看到萊尼的真相,可是在自己的現實生活裏,難道就敢肯定不是像萊尼一樣,活在自己主觀臆造的世界嗎?縱使我們沒有短期失憶症,但又怎麼知道,我們意識到的世界就是完全真實、客觀的世界?到底有沒有一個獨立於意識之外的真正客觀而中性的世界?

一般人以為西班牙鬥牛士揮舞紅色斗篷來激怒公牛,其實牛天生色盲,根本分辨不出紅色。我們以為這個世界存在於我們的意識之外,其實人和牛看到的世界很不同。那麼,哪一個世界更真實呢?一個名為Michael G. May的美國人,3歲時因意外雙目失明,生活卻一切正常,讀書、結婚、生子、創辦公司,最可驚嘆的是他在1984年冬季殘奧會上勇奪3枚滑雪銅牌,以每秒65英里的速度保持盲人滑雪記錄。46歲那年,經科學家的妙手回春,他能看得見了,但日常生活偏偏難以維持:不敢下樓梯、見到太太的臉卻感到陌生、坐在車裏只覺得路邊的告示牌一塊塊高速向頭頂砸來。

這說明,我們習以為常的視覺,其實是原始數據經過大量的篩選、解讀,然後呈現給大腦的一個所謂「合理」的現實。

正常人的左右大腦通過名為胼胝體(corpus callosum)的一束神經相連,但有少數人為了治病,把胼胝體切斷了,左右腦無法交流訊息,以致出現「腦分裂」(split-brain)症狀。在一個著名的實驗裏【註】,向病人左腦展示雞爪,右腦展示雪景。受此提示,與右腦相關的手會指向雪鏟的圖片。這時請病人解釋為何選擇雪鏟。負責語言表達功能的是左腦,所以並不知道另一半大腦所看見的雪景,但病人絲毫沒有覺得不妥,毫不猶豫地回答:「這很簡單,需要用鏟子來清理雞棚。」由此可見,我們的大腦常常現編現造,把互不相關的事情串成一個說得通的故事。

明乎此,當前社會政治撕裂和民粹主義盛行,可能有更好的解讀。對於香港特區反修例和美國大選,大家看見的事實並沒有什麼分別,可是兩個陣營的人有不同的解讀,甚或截然相反的結論。政治觀點不同,存在更深層次的原因,人類大腦從來不是一部照相機,不會把現實原封不動地呈現給意識;它在不停地選擇、解讀。每個人意識到的世界永遠都是主觀的,你、我所看到、意識到的世界,從來都不是一模一樣。

那怎麼辦呢?至少有一點,不要太把自己認識到的世界當回事,不要以為眼見為實,照單全收。明乎此,方能做到「收餘恨、免嬌嗔、且自新、改性情,休戀逝水、苦海回身、早悟蘭因」。

註:Bradley W. Carroll (2005), “An Experiment with a Split-Brain Subject”, Honors PS1500 home page.

參考文獻:

Lukas J. Volz and Michael S. Gazzaniga (2017), “Interaction in isolation: 50 years of insights from split-brain research”, Brain, vol 140, issue 7: pp. 2051–2060.

〈科學發現:自由派與保守派大腦 語句解讀大不同〉,《文學城》,2020年11月13日

周文 港大經管學院副教授
黃影紅 香港經濟及商業策略研究所名譽副研究員

(本文同時於二零二零年十二月九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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