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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Long term housing strategy aggravates housing burden

Long term housing strategy aggravates housing burden

22 Apr 2020
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名為長策 實則挺市

香江寓所,供不應求;房價飆升,年復一年;能負擔者,寥寥無幾;問題累積,深層次矣;長遠房策,標本不治;對症換藥,方有轉機。

特區政府早於2014年12月落實長遠房屋策略(長策),藉此制定長遠房屋供應目標。該目標是增加供應,以至滿足香港未來十年房屋需求,因此長策需要推算未來十年房屋需求。根據長策的推算,未來房屋需求的組成分為下列四類:住戶數目的淨增長、受重建影響的住戶、居住環境欠佳的住戶和其他因素(流動居民、非本地學生、非本地買家)。四類之中,住戶數目的淨增長最主要,佔總房屋需求約一半。住戶數目的淨增長根據政府統計處的家庭住戶推算,該推算基於過往趨勢。

長策每年更新未來十年房屋需求的推算,隨之逐年延展十年房屋供應的目標。長策在去年12月發表最新的周年進度報告,最新的推算是2020/21至2029/30年度十年總房屋需求423100個單位,其中住戶數目的淨增長佔209800個單位(50%)、受重建影響的住戶佔64000個單位(15%)、居住環境欠佳的住戶佔119100個單位(28%),其他因素佔30200個單位(7%);加上空置單位數目的調整(1900個單位),2020-21至2029-30年度十年總房屋供應目標定為430000個單位(四捨五入)。

另一方面,國際顧問機構Demographia以「中位數倍數」衡量全球各大城市的住房負擔情況,中位數倍數是樓價中位數除以家庭入息中位數;中位數倍數愈高,住房愈難負擔。Demographia認為中位數倍數高於5表示該城市的住房「嚴重難以負擔」。過往十年,香港的中位數倍數在11.4與20.9之間(見表一),高於Demographia認為住房嚴重難以負擔的臨界值2至4倍,明顯超越嚴重難以負擔的程度(Demographia在2010年前未開始計算香港的中位數倍數)。

此外,【表】比較2010至2019十年中位數倍數最高的首三個城市。自2010年起,香港一直是住房最難負擔的城市,冠絕全球,而長策早於2014年12月落實。【表】還顯示香港的中位數倍數在長策落實後比之前更高,而且愈趨嚴重。由此可見,長策落實後,香港的房屋供不應求更為嚴重,導致住房更難負擔,所以長策既不治標,又不治本。長策必須糾正,否則香港的房屋問題將會繼續惡化,走出困局無望。

需求定律是經濟學的金科玉律,意旨價格和需求成反比,如房價愈高,需求愈低。香港過去十年的房屋需求趨勢正正反映房價愈難負擔,以此趨勢推算未來十年房屋需求,無疑是維持房價難以負擔的升勢;但香港的住房已經明顯超越嚴重難以負擔的程度,維持房價惡化的趨勢難以理解。長策的推算對經濟學一知半解,掌握不到以上的道理,有意或無意間導致房價愈難負擔。長策落實後,房價更難負擔是鐵一般的事實。政府卻逃避事實,盲目地堅持錯誤的長策,施政作風違反常理。

政府可能還不明白,雖然房屋供應還未能滿足房屋需求推算,但已增加不少,長策為何仍然失敗?根據以上推論,就算政府能再提高房屋供應,足以符合長策的房屋需求推算,房價愈難負擔的升勢仍然持續,因為長策的房屋需求根據此升勢推算,何況房屋供應的增加還未能符合長策的房屋需求推算。政府必須明白,增加供應不一定改善供不應求,因為需求也在增加;當供應增加低於需求增加,供不應求便會惡化,這是房價愈難負擔的原因之一。更重要的是長策的房屋需求根據房價愈難負擔的升勢而推算,是一個致命的錯誤,必須糾正。

長策所犯的錯誤不止於此。長策制定之時,公私營房屋比例約為5:5。以此比例作為趨勢推算,公私營房屋需求比例亦應約為5:5。在長策執行之初,公私營房屋供應比例卻定為6:4,即大削私營房屋供應20%,令到供不應求更加惡化,是房價愈難負擔的另一原因。理論上,公營房屋供應同時增加20%,但公營房屋不是私營房屋的完美替代品,公營房屋供應的等額增加不能抵消私營房屋供應的減少,所以阻擋不了房價愈難負擔的升勢。其實,私營房屋供應轉為公營房屋供應,房價必然更難負擔,常識而已。長策以為二者可以互換,誤將它們當成完美替代品,是無知的表現。

更無知的是特首林鄭月娥,她主張公私營房屋供應比例應為7:3,即再大削私營房屋供應20%;長策亦隨之在2018年12月落實新的公私營房屋供應比例。香港的房價已明顯超越嚴重難以負擔的程度,她卻反其道而行,不止沒有糾正長策,提高私營房屋供應比率,反而再大幅削減私營房屋供應20%(即累積減幅高達40%),把公私營房屋供應比例推至7:3。房屋本來已是香港的深層次問題,經她的胡亂施政後,情況變得更複雜。

長策的另一問題是房屋供應的計算除了不分公私,也不分大小,大單位計算為一個單位,「納米」單位也算是一個單位。由於現時香港的房價已明顯超越嚴重難以負擔,大單位缺乏承接力,發展商便少建大單位,多建納米單位。表面上,納米單位的出現令到單位數目增加(因為納米單位佔樓面面積不多);實際上,它是對長策發出警號,說明房價難以負擔繼續惡化。政府卻自欺欺人,將納米單位的出現計算為私營房屋供應增加,對房價惡化反而置之不理。

長策可從三方面糾正。第一,提高總房屋供應,目的是改善房價難以負擔的情況。第二,提高私營房屋供應比率,恢復公私營房屋供應比例至5:5。第三,計算房屋供應時附加樓面面積資料,讓公眾更準確掌握房屋供應的真正變化。房屋問題已困擾香港多年,長策卻錯漏百出;政府必須實事求是,以理性糾正長策,香港才有轉機走出困局。

表:2010-2019中位數倍數最高的首三個城市(資料來源:Demographia)

中位數倍數最高大城市次高大城市第三高大城市
201011.4(香港)9.6(悉尼)9.5(溫哥華)
201112.6(香港)10.6(溫哥華)9.2(悉尼)
201213.5(香港)9.5(溫哥華)8.3(悉尼)
201314.9(香港)10.3(溫哥華)9.2(三藩市)
201417.0(香港)10.6(溫哥華)9.8(悉尼)
201519.0(香港)12.2(悉尼)10.8(溫哥華)
201618.1(香港)12.2(悉尼)11.8(溫哥華)
201719.4(香港)12.9(悉尼)12.6(溫哥華)

 

程騰歡 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授
(本文同時於二零二零年四月廿二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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