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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Hong Kong Returning to Normalcy with Resumption of Mainland Travel

Hong Kong Returning to Normalcy with Resumption of Mainland Travel

18 Jan 2023
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通關路上 蓄勢復常

香港特區實施長達3年的嚴控新冠疫情措施後,隨着2022年過去而成為歷史。鑑於去年本地經濟表現遜於預期,加上環球局勢不明朗等因素,特區政府將全年實質本地生產總值(GDP)下調至負3.2%。

踏入新的一年,本地經濟仍有待全面復甦,但隨着後疫情時代到臨,除了恢復對外交通,與內地通關的時間表亦已見眉目,社會正邁向全面復常,香港GDP有望於今年重上正增長軌道。

水晶球的預示

繼反映企業營商信心的採購經理指數(英文簡稱PMI)去年年底錄得49.6,創4個月以來新高後,各界普遍預期,通關後營業額將會反彈一成,帶動金融市場交投轉趨活躍,有助於增加企業投資意欲。預測本港PMI在未來數月升勢持續,或會衝破50。信貸評級機構標普亦指出,同期本港商業活動為4個月來首度擴張。即使原料和人工成本上漲,預期本港經濟今年仍會增長2.8%,扭轉去年收縮3%的弱勢。

本月初,香港大學發表2023年高頻宏觀經濟預測,指出縱使不少發達經濟體實施貨幣緊縮政策以抗通脹,而窒礙本港上半年經濟發展,但就業市場將受惠於與內地恢復通關,預期首季實質GDP增加1%【圖】,全年則可望恢復正增長,增幅料為2.5%。


資料來源:香港大學香港經濟及商業策略研究所

香港失業率曾在2021年2月攀升至7.2%,就業不足率增至4%,兩者刷新2003年沙士以來新高。失業率至今已回落至3.7%,連續6個月下跌,重返2020年初新冠疫情爆發前的水平;預料與內地通關得以進一步下降至0.5%,而恢復全民就業狀態。

內地動態清零防疫政策維持了1016日,比任何國家都要長,卻能於短短數周內作出大幅度改變。部分經濟活動或會因而急劇反彈,但疫情仍處於蔓延階段,國家經濟還需一段時間才會全面復甦。

神州大門重開

動態清零期間,雖然內地人民收入普遍下降,但儲蓄率高企,據法國巴黎銀行估計,2023年家庭消費將增長9%,通關開放亦紓緩房地產等行業的困境,去年11月放寬了房地產開發商的融資渠道,有助於改善行內債務違約問題,並盡量使售出單位得以落成。

中國復甦無疑可提振全球經濟增長,但其石油使用量約佔全球五分之一,精煉銅、鎳和鋅佔一半,而鐵礦石則佔六成以上,重新開放後難免會增加全球對商品的需求及對商品價格的壓力,是否會推高通脹或利率,則屬未知之數。

中外復甦阻力

香港逐漸放鬆防疫措施半年以來,復甦動力始終不足,主因是特區作為大灣區連接國際的樞紐,仍需內地注入經濟動力。內地的復常時間表來得早於預期,有利於刺激疲弱多時的消費,經濟增長可望由去年約3%升至5%,成為2023年環球經濟的一個亮點。但這一切都有待內地熬過「解禁回潮」(Exit Wave),即放寬防疫措施以致確診病例再度激增;歐美相關經驗顯示,為期約需3至6個月。

當前歐美通脹高企,涉及如去全球化等多個結構因素,不易化解。國際貨幣基金組織預測今年全球通脹將由去年8.8%回落到6.5%。面對高通脹,歐美央行貨幣政策已全面收緊,美國聯邦儲備局在2022年加息425個基點,本年仍有繼續加息的可能。這樣的貨幣政策將不利於香港經濟。在聯繫匯率制度下,美元加息迫使資金流動性收縮,對本地經濟活動造成壓力。即使加息步伐放緩,息口高企相信將維持一段時間,年內歐美難逃衰退。

俄烏衝突歷時幾近一年,令國際能源與糧食供應鏈遭到破壞。衝突既難望於短期內解決,今年仍將對世界經濟帶來震盪。全球供應鏈的調整現正在加速,趨向本土化、區域化、分散化。美國總統拜登在2022年8月簽署《晶片與科學法案》(CHIPS and Science Act),以提供數百億美元促進半導體的研究和製造,透過吸引大公司落戶美國,建立自身的半導體供應鏈。

中美兩國持續的戰略競爭將加快全球科技脫鈎,對經濟增長和國際金融市場走勢影響深遠。在高通脹的壓力下,本年中美經貿摩擦或有機會緩和,雙邊對話可望加強,但美國制華的姿態難以徹底扭轉,對香港經濟前景並非好事。

另一方面,嚴厲防疫措施曾令部分外資公司撤出香港。根據投資推廣署的統計調查,亞太地區總部數目連跌3年,按年減少46間(3.2%),而駐港公司跌穿9000間,為4年新低。其中不少地區總部遷往新加坡,部分曾因內地通關無期而撤銷地區總部。經濟學人智庫最新研究指出,香港對跨國企業的吸引力正在下降。與新加坡相比,特區在本地安全及政治穩定有所不及。特區當局理應着力填補金融人才流失,以會計業為例,香港會計師公會的資料顯示,2022年流失率錄得11%,部分大型金融機構更高達30%。

善用區內優勢

顯而易見,目前利好因素主要來自內地市場,其他地區均有下跌跡象。歐洲經濟衰退和美國處於加息周期等難免削弱當地人的消費意欲。通脹急升推高物價及生產成本,主要國家大舉加息抗通脹,既加重企業利息開支,亦影響銷情。高度依賴西方市場的出口型經濟將面臨重大挑戰。

不過,近年中國與東盟加深合作,互為最大貿易夥伴,加上內地今年勢將催谷內需,相信可以抗衡歐美的經濟衝擊。若要重踏增長之路,香港必須聚焦內地與東盟,包括全速推行與大灣區融合等發展計劃。恢復通關可以惠及本港各行各業,同時亦有助於香港再度發揮作為國家超級聯繫人的角色,逐步重拾國際航空樞紐地位。

面對歐美經濟或會影響本港企業業務和整體經濟復甦,企業可藉粵港澳大灣區及《區域全面經濟夥伴關係協定》拓展內地、東盟及其他市場。現時亞洲國家增長相對較快,東盟無疑是另一出口增長的亮點。

綜觀本地近期發展,特區政府放寬對訪港旅客的檢疫安排,足以為服務輸出增添動力,儘管金融狀況收緊或會抵消部分正面效應,但若疫情持續穩定受控,經濟活動就能正常化。萬眾期待的中港通關更是香港打造經濟復甦的契機,除了繼續強化自身所長之外,更要致力發揮國家賦予「一國兩制」的獨特優勢,在「十四五」規劃為香港定位的經濟發展領域中提升國際競爭力。

 

謝國生博士
港大經管學院金融學首席講師

何敏淙先生
香港大學附屬學院講師

(本文同時於二零二三年一月十八日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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