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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
From Perils to Precautions: Recognising the Importance of Regulating Crypto

From Perils to Precautions: Recognising the Importance of Regulating Crypto

11 Oct 2023
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從虛擬之險見監管之需

香港證券及期貨事務監察委員會(證監會)上月就虛擬資產交易平台綠石交易所(JPEX)無牌經營發表聲明之後,JPEX立刻限制客戶每次只可提取1000泰達幣(USDT),並一度把提幣手續費調高至999泰達幣,換言之每次只取回一個泰達幣,投資騙局的本質看來呼之欲出。警方隨後採取行動,至今已拘捕約30名懷疑詐騙集團成員;案件涉及眾多投資者和龐大資產,受害人合共2500多名,涉及金額超過15億港元。

虛擬投資幌子

JPEX在其網站聲稱於2020年創立,已取得美國、加拿大和澳洲的相關牌照,營運總部設於杜拜,並擬在澳洲悉尼建立研發總部云云。集團在香港和海外透過實體媒介大事宣傳,更於戶外大型廣告中大字標示其為「日本加密貨幣交易所」,亦借助不少演藝圈與網絡紅人為代言人,以提高其品牌的可信度。

2022年7月,證監會把與JPEX有關聯的兩家公司列入無牌公司及可疑網站名單,卻無進一步行動。同年11月,世界第一大加密貨幣交易所FTX申請破產,敲響數碼資產行業的警鐘。年底,本港立法會通過《2022年打擊洗錢及恐怖分子資金籌集(修訂)條例草案》;本年6月1日,虛擬資產交易平台發牌制度生效,規定必須持牌才可在港營運;至於此前已在營運的平台則可在法例實施首年內的不違反期內(即2023年6月1日至2024年5月31日)繼續業務,但必須申領證監會的牌照,方可在不違反期結束後合法營運。據報JPEX與上市公司協同通信(01613)等曾協議通過合營公司Jade Power,5月起在港推出虛擬資產交易平台,並計劃向證監會申領牌照,但事實上雙方從未開始合作。

規管先天不足

具有去中心化特色的虛擬貨幣,欠缺官方交易所,任何人都可以透過電腦完成場外交易(over the counter),即買賣雙方私下直接交易,過程(包括用虛擬貨幣兌換法定貨幣)也就毫無監管。加密貨幣另一特色在於以匿名方式(即不披露用戶身份)進行資產交易。透過區塊鏈技術、複雜的密碼學原理來確保交易安全,毋須第三方介入,有助於降低成本,但亦因此造成加密貨幣市場難以監管。一般投資者對虛擬貨幣知識有限,導致它容易成為詐騙集團的工具。

2022年11月,有媒體指FTX旗下對沖基金Alameda Research的淨資產絕大部分由公司同系加密貨幣組成,或出現流動性問題;其對手幣安(Binance)一度願意作出收購,以化解危機,但其後表示FTX有不當處理客戶資金的問題,放棄計劃。FTX創辦人Sam Bankman-Fried於是為FTX申請破產保護,但他本人則在12月在巴哈馬遭拘捕,被引渡回美國受審,現正面臨多項與欺詐相關的指控。詐騙案件無日無之,FTX和JPEX不是發生事故的第一家,亦不會是最後一家。

割韭菜有前科

加密貨幣是新興虛擬商品,結構複雜,一些投資者對其回報有所憧憬,卻不大了解箇中風險、運作及交易方法。針對加密貨幣匿名交易,難以追蹤資金的特性,騙徒編造「低風險、高回報」的投資幌子;JPEX與FTX事件足以反映散戶如何輕易地被一些違反邏輯的收益所吸引。

事實上,JPEX由2021年10月起就以高達19%的回報率為招徠。即使全球其他承諾同樣高回報的數碼資產公司去年已相繼倒閉,但JPEX仍然繼續運作。今次事件與龐氏騙局頗相類似,先用高息吸引受害人投資,然後把新投資者的資金作為盈利,支付給最初的投資者,以誘使後來者上當,最後因新資金不繼而令整個計劃「爆煲」。

JPEX在回應事件時提及第三代互聯網(Web 3.0)中一個重要概念:去中心化自治組織(Decentralized Autonomous Organization;簡稱DAO)。利用區塊鏈技術開發的DAO近年頗受歡迎,優點之一是投資者往往有共同目標,因此願意為此籌集資金,而同時保持匿名。JPEX向客戶提議,可把手上資產兌換為DAO代幣,並聲稱將於兩年內向投資者贖回此等代幣,從而把資產全數歸還予用戶。

有待亡羊補牢

虛擬資產市場在本地冒起之際,JPEX事件正是源於證監會的過渡安排,未獲牌照的交易平台可在不違反期內提供虛擬資產服務,但實際上其旗下產品未必符合新發牌制度的規定。JPEX聲稱會在短期內申請牌照,與此同時夥拍網紅大事宣傳吸金,令眾多投資者在短時間內蒙受巨額損失。金融管理局為了加快本港發展成加密貨幣交易中心,更罕有地鼓勵銀行接受加密貨幣交易所為客戶。

根據官方最新數據,來自中國內地、歐洲、加拿大和新加坡的20多家加密貨幣和區塊鏈公司已向特區政府表示,計劃在港開辦業務。放眼美國,證券交易委員會則已起訴了兩家最大的加密貨幣交易所幣安和Coinbase,聲稱他們經營非法交易。

毋庸置疑,從上述海外和本地的虛擬貨幣平台詐騙案,可見構建一個完善監管環境已刻不容緩,在有利於Web 3.0生態系統穩步發展之餘,理應致力於保障市場參與者和投資者的利益。若要堵塞目前漏洞,證監會宜凍結發牌制度中為期一年的不違反期,然後再全面檢討應否開放虛擬資產予一般散戶參與。以新加坡為例,即使是獲得許可的加密貨幣交易平台,也禁止向零售投資者作推銷。為對症下藥,特區政府不妨參照杜拜新成立的虛擬資產監管局(Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority),另設專責監管虛擬資產服務的機構。

強化風險意識

如何避免成為收割韭菜受害者?投資者應只使用可靠、具規模的加密貨幣交易平台和加密貨幣錢包。

為防有詐,切勿繞過官方App Store的連結下載任何加密貨幣交易平台。最好只投資知名的加密貨幣,不應輕信網上資料有限或發行公司來歷不明的加密貨幣。網絡保安公司慢霧科技(Slowmist)合夥人Keywolf亦指出,投資者須留意交易所是否有公開儲備金的資料,而儲備金水平是否充足。

加密貨幣交易平台的潛在風險甚高,特區政府必須慎重思考對此等平台監管的全盤計劃,其於2022年10月所發表的《有關虛擬資產在港發展的政策宣言》,就涵蓋了在本地推動虛擬資產行業和生態系統的願景和方針。本年6月,政府宣布成立Web 3.0發展專責小組,有意把香港打造成為Web 3.0樞紐。虛擬資產是新興事物,在金融市場中日益重要,然而尚待發展成熟。冀望今次JPEX事件僅是一段小插曲,不會影響特區推動金融創新的決心,但無論當局抑或一般投資者,務須引以為鑑,從而更加深入了解虛擬金融的風險和挑戰。

 

謝國生博士
港大經管學院金融學首席講師

何敏淙先生
香港大學附屬學院講師

(本文同時於二零二三年十月十一日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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