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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Enhance covid-19 surveillance, recover from economic shutdown

Enhance covid-19 surveillance, recover from economic shutdown

15 Apr 2020
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加強疫情檢查 復原停擺經濟 

假設你擁有一項投資,原本估計在未來30年期間,每年會為你帶來30萬元回報。由於受新型冠狀肺炎疫情所累,有關投資今年只能為你帶來24萬元收益;要是以後每年收益恢復到30萬元,那麼疫情對你造成的金錢損失,就是今年預期與實際回報的差額,亦即6萬元。但是,若之後每年收益只達28萬元,那麼你的總損失,還得包括今後每年2萬元的落差,總數相當驚人。損失的現值取決於貼現率的高低,而在長期低息環境之下,這仍是個驚人數目。

加大檢查力度當務之急

近月新冠肺炎全球蔓延所造成的影響,遠超大部分人原先的想像。目前香港和歐美發達國家,都在不同程度的經濟停擺之中,如果世界經濟要經歷長達一兩年的停擺,損失將有多大?短期損失雖然也不容易估算,但是所有政府在處理疫情之際,都必然予以考慮,問題是,若日後經濟重啟之後,卻不能回到原先的增長軌跡,那麼新冠大流行就會造成更長期的損失,這一點倒不見得各國政府能夠顧及。

2018年諾貝爾經濟學獎得主Paul Romer在最近一次的網上研討會(https://bcf.princeton.edu/event-directory/covid19_04/),就提到這一憂慮。他指出美國的經濟增長在2007–08年受到金融海嘯打擊之後的復甦,並沒有恢復到原有軌道上,【圖1】顯示 2008年之後美國經濟恢復的上升軌, 與 07年之前的上升軌比較,下跌了大約1.2萬億美元。如以16萬億元為當年國民生產總值的合理值比較,則這個損失為7.5%。更重要的是這1.2萬億美元,是今後每年都出現的損失,因此其總和是非常大的數目。(【圖1】為筆者製作,與Romer在演講中用的原圖有少許出入,詳情無關宏旨,在此不贅。)

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【圖1】 2007–08年美國金融海嘯造成的永久損害(資料來源:世界銀行)

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Romer認為美國經濟在今次停擺之後,也會出現類似的情況,而且日後經濟軌跡偏離原有軌跡的程度,會與這次停擺的規模成正比,(見【圖2】之圖像說明)。根據這樣的推算,Romer認為,如何盡快脱離停擺是美國當務之急。他在會上還用上一個簡單的數學模型,指出大大增加隨機的檢疫率,可以有效降低新冠病毒的傳播率,同時可以識別出哪些人可以先復工等等,從而縮小經濟停擺規模,及早重啟經濟。

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【圖2】 經濟永久損失或會因延遲復甦而加重
(資料來源:https://bcf.princeton.edu/event-directory/covid19_04/)

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經濟停擺 後果嚴重

如果這樣的分析正確,那麼今日世界各國對測試劑的需求可說未夠迫切,仍然低估它的重要性,各國政府和各大慈善組織實在有必要進一步呼籲科學家和製藥公司加一把勁,使得價格低廉而又能大量生產的測試劑加速面世,且不斷推陳出新。西諺有云:需要乃發明之母!

筆者好奇,也翻查一下環球各地在2007–08年之後的復原情況,一些我們比較熟識的國家包括英國、法國、德國,義大利、日本等等的經歷,都與美國相似(見【圖3】),香港更禍不單行,先後在1997–2003年和2007–08年受到衝擊【圖4】。所以Romer就美國現狀提出的憂慮實具普遍性,對香港及全球都同樣有參考價值。

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【圖3】 各國本地生產總值(固定2010年美元計算)(資料來源:世界銀行)


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【圖4】 香港本地生產總值(固定2010年美元計算)(資料來源:世界銀行)

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「衰退時間愈短,規模愈小,那麼回升後就會同原先的增長軌道愈接近」,這種看法並非沒有反對意見的。如果原先的軌道以不正常方式(例如經濟泡沫或不負責任政策)產生,那就不能期待衰退之後能徹底復甦。如此批評對以前的危機也許不無道理,但對於今次危機則沒有多大參考價值,因為今次危機並非人類經濟行為的結果,與1997年的亞洲金融風暴和2008年金融海嘯的成因有本質上的不同。

助民紓困,以保障就業為先

以上的分析對特區政府處理當前的困局有一定的啟示。第一,應進行更廣泛的病毒測試。第二,須認識到早日恢復正常經濟活動的重要性。政府在資助市民解決眼前生活困難之餘,應該以降低失業,並減輕經濟衰退的嚴重程度和縮短時期為焦點。假使失業真的不可避免,如何令到失業者的人力資本不會浪費,自然至關重要。一個工人脱離工作崗位愈久,就會因技術生疏、意志消沉,而愈難完全恢復工作能力。及至經濟復原之後,亦會面對年輕人的競爭。上述經濟陷入危機愈久愈難重拾正軌的論點,筆者認為其中一個因素就是工人原有的人力資本在危機中受到破壞。當局應設法幫助失業者在經濟停擺期間保持其人力資本,甚至好好利用多餘的時間使之提升,從而在經濟復甦後仍具競爭力,這對工人本身和整體社會都有好處。

讀者大概都注意到,最近有各類的團體,如博物館、網絡電視台、網上書店,以至百老匯歌劇等等,紛紛提供免費服務,讓市民參與和享用,其實高等教育機構也可考慮開放部分課程,給有興趣的市民在網上學習。在這段期間,老師已經錄製了大量視頻供網上學習之用,不必重新製作。對於認真學習的市民,這些教育機構還可以安排他們完成課程後參加考試,若能合格即獲頒證書,確認學術資格。有志增進知識、提高能力的成年人,得知通過努力學習而可獲高等學府的證書,其學習動機自會大增。

許多人都把今次對付疫情當是打仗,現在各國都在自己的戰場窮於應付,但這顯然是一場動員全民的環球大戰,各國利益唇齒相依,更應同心協力,振興經濟,而不是隔岸觀火,祈求能獨善其身。中國自從參加世界貿易組織以來,成為了世界工廠,是全球化的得益者,既然是醫療保護裝備、仿製藥和疫苗的最大生產國,更可在新冠肺炎危機中發揮優勢,造福世人。

 

趙耀華 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院副教授

(本文同時於二零二零年四月十五日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄。)

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