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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Easing the anti-epidemic measures with caution to control the spread of virus

Easing the anti-epidemic measures with caution to control the spread of virus

27 Jul 2022
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適度把關 穩控疫患

年初歷經Omicron第五波疫情,香港估計可能已有400萬人染疫。4月下旬,防疫政策放寬後,本地經濟逐步恢復,現在正是檢視防疫策略的好時機。綜觀國際,防疫策略大致有二:一是零確診,重點是減低確診個案,檢疫需時較長;二是隨機應變,按疫情起伏而增減防疫措施,盡量紓緩對公共醫療系統的壓力。

在「動態清零」與復興經濟的十字路口,究竟應如何抉擇?下文將以感染死亡率數據加以分析。

復甦流於片面

「動態」是視乎具體情況作出應變,以最小成本達到最大防疫效益;「清零」則將緩解疫情置於首位,結果嚴重窒礙經濟活動,社會為此付出沉重代價。部分國家寧取「與病毒共存」方式,透過提升疫苗接種率和自然免疫,利用群體免疫減低對經濟、民生的影響。今年5月,世界衞生組織總幹事譚德塞表示,考慮到病毒現在的特性及對未來的預期,「清零」策略不可持續,尤其是目前對病毒的認識較深入,在已有多種有效抗疫工具可供使用的大前提下,可過渡到另一種策略。

2021年年底,國際貨幣基金組織代表團在訪港後公布評估,認為特區經濟雖然復甦強勁,但「清零」政策令不同界別的復甦步伐不一,並預測2021和2022年香港實質本地生產總值(GDP)分別增長6.4%和3%;可見社交距離措施並非零成本,摩根士丹利更將香港今年GDP增長預測下調至2.5%。

收放因時制宜

新冠肺炎疫情發展可分為疫苗供港前後兩個階段。美國衞生數據顯示,在疫苗面世前「清零」是最佳防疫策略。如【表1】所示,2021年3月期間採取「清零」策略的國家(如中國、澳洲、紐西蘭)的死亡率明顯較採取緩疫策略的國家(如挪威、丹麥、英國、美國)為低,可見當時「清零」策略較具優勢。

當有效疫苗面世後,第三種防疫策略就是提高人口接種疫苗比率,特別是最高風險的老弱社群,繼而利用防疫措施緩和最後一波疫情,邁向成為「受控的風土病」或「與病毒共存」。數據反映在疫苗面世後,推行「清零」為短期政策的國家,現在須着重提高疫苗接種率,以提高整體社會免疫力。

2022年4月,市面有各種新冠疫苗供應,期間採取上述兩類防疫策略的國家,其感染死亡率的增幅和差距大幅收窄。「清零」國家的先前優勢已失,香港的累積死亡率尤其高,與採取自然免疫的國家大致相若【表1】。

資料來源:Johns Hopkins University CSSE COVID-19 Data (https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths)

中文大學呼吸系統科講座教授許樹昌早前表示,根據數據可以肯定現在主流病毒株Omicron的傳播力高,但殺傷力和死亡率都不及變種病毒Delta。美國的研究顯示,Omicron的輕症佔比為99.78%、重症佔比0.05%。香港自第五波疫情起,共錄得9248宗死亡個案,從不同年齡組別和疫苗接種劑量的死亡率可見,疫苗能有效降低死亡率【表2】。

資料來源:香港特區衞生署衞生防護中心(截至2022年7月19日)

《自然》雜誌2021年2月發表一項問卷調查結果,大部分接受訪問的科學家都認為,新冠大流行最終將轉變成地方性的流行病,殺傷力也會逐漸減弱。

針對死亡率較高的Alpha、Beta、Delta等新冠病毒,「清零」策略可爭取較多時間讓市民接種疫苗,但到底並非長久之計,因感染風險永遠無法消除,只能減低。長遠而言,與全球接軌的本地行業(包括航運、外貿、金融)將受重創,亦會有損於香港作為中國內地和國際社會的超級聯繫人角色。當下亟需更加靈活與可持續的防疫政策,在保護醫療系統及醫護人員的同時,不致妨礙社會經濟活動。提高疫苗接種率,最終過渡到「與病毒共存」,看來是實際可行的長期解決方案。

通關至關重要

上海得以實施嚴格防疫政策,關鍵之一是內循環,在一定程度上可以自給自足。無論是農產品生產或零售商業活動,內需市場的循環可用來彌補疫情所造成的國際貿易停滯。反觀香港的經濟定位則有所不同,作為接通世界的重要橋樑、航運中心以及國際金融中心,都必須確保同時與中國內地和國際社會的緊密聯繫。

近日政府專家顧問袁國勇及孔繁毅等撰文指出,鑑於夏季是新冠病毒活躍程度較低時期,因而是放寬社交距離措施的合適時機,可容社區出現低度傳播,以便在冬季前達致較佳的疫苗接種和遭受感染產生「混合免疫屏障」,實現防疫措施「軟着陸」。

文中亦引述新加坡經驗;若香港完全放寬社交距離措施,入境旅客全部居家檢疫,則單日確診個案可能達到3000至2.1萬宗。專家顧問認為,圍封強檢的成本高,建議當局棄用;由於內地仍維持「清零」政策,顧問建議本港可先與海外通關,並提出相關措施,例如抵港旅客的酒店檢疫逐步轉為家居檢疫,抵港後首7日禁止到食肆、酒吧。

美國藥廠莫德納(Moderna)計劃在香港推出針對Omicron的疫苗,並稱最快今年第四季可提供至少800萬劑。雖然有新一代疫苗面世,但是英國倫敦大學學院(UCL)臨牀運籌學部門負責人帕格爾(Christina Pagel)警告,新冠肺炎不是「超級流感」,感染死亡率即使在疫苗、治療和自身免疫力作用下逐漸降低,但它對心、肺和心理健康的長期影響較其他呼吸系統疾病來得嚴重,長期症狀發病率也較高。

至於如何與新冠病毒共存,除了疫苗接種和藥物研發外,市民還需要做什麼?帕格爾認為,新冠病毒在不斷變異的過程中日趨溫和,疫苗和治療方式應加以配合。此外,亦須建立相應的監測和防疫系統,重構生活方式,讓新冠病毒傳播得以有效控制,並強調疫苗雖可有效減低嚴重病症和死亡個案,但對防止感染和輕症則效力較弱,目前不宜完全解除防疫限制,以免大量曾確診的康復者面臨重複感染的風險。

務須計出萬全

全球醫學界已達成新冠病毒不會在世界上消失的共識,社會必須學會與新冠病毒共存之道。正當大部分國家已經實行群體免疫政策,一待香港全面對外開放,任何變種病毒都有機會傳入,從而產生「解禁回潮」(Exit Wave),即放寬防疫限制措施而導致確診病例再度激增的現象。

歸根究柢,因應上述疫情發展和環球趨勢,特區政府當務之急,在針對屢現變種病毒而制定可持續抗疫政策之餘,應有序恢復與內地和國際通關,從速提振本港開放型經濟。

 

謝國生博士
港大經管學院金融學首席講師

何敏淙先生
港大經管學院教學助理

(本文同時於二零二二年七月二十七日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

 

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