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Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Case study of Luckin Coffee: reviewing directors’ and officers’ liability and protection

Case study of Luckin Coffee: reviewing directors’ and officers’ liability and protection

20 May 2020
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從瑞幸咖啡事件探討董事與高管的法律責任與保護 

在美國納斯特交易所上市的中國最大連鎖咖啡店瑞幸咖啡,因在2019年第二至第四季度,虛報公司銷售額約22億元人民幣,以致股價在消息披露當天暴跌76%,市值損失了近48億美元。據悉,數家知名律師事務所(如Rosen Law Firm 和Federman & Sherwood)正為受損失的股東部署對瑞幸咖啡提起證券集體訴訟(Securities Class Actions)。那麼瑞幸的董事和高級管理人員將面臨什麼法律風險?

「董責險」的緣由

高管負責企業的日常運作,董事會負責制定重要決策,而股東則是公司的所有者。因此公司法規定董事與高管對股東具有受信責任(Fiduciary Duties),具體包含忠誠和謹慎履行責任。證券法則規定董事與高管應當及時、完整、準確地披露資訊給股東。若公司董事或高管違反受信責任或證券法,而直接或間接有損股東利益時,股東有權起訴相關違規者。在美國,股東訴訟通常包括兩種:一、由股東直接提出的證券集體訴訟,所有因公司違反證券法相關規定而遭受損失的投資者,將自動成為原告;二、董事會的決策對公司造成損害,而間接損害股東利益時,由股東代表公司提起衍生訴訟(Derivative Suits)。與證券集體訴訟不同的是,衍生訴訟的潛在賠償歸公司而非原告股東所有。美國以外的國家和地區沒有證券集體訴訟的機制,但股東可以單獨進行直接訴訟,或通過威力弱於集體訴訟的代表訴訟方式(如中國內地),以保障自己的權益。絕大多數國家和地區的公司法都允許股東提起衍生訴訟。香港特區既沒有集體訴訟,也沒有代表訴訟的機制,在本港上市的公司面臨較低的訴訟風險,這也是很多內地公司計劃在境外上市時首選香港的一個重要原因。

基於上述法律風險,上市公司的董事與高管被視為高風險的職位。公司為保障其董事與高管而購買的責任保險(Directors’ and Officers’ Liability Insurance;以下簡稱「董責險」),也就應運而生,自1930年代發源於美國,發展至今已有80多年歷史。董責險主要保障公司的全體董事與高管在履行職責時,因工作疏忽或行為不當所引起的法律責任,保障範圍一般包括律師和辯護費用,以及因判決或庭外和解所需賠償。在北美洲,幾乎所有的上市公司都購買了董責險;2015年,香港上市公司中約三分之二有購買董責險【註1】。放眼中國內地市場,董責險自2000年出現後,普及率一直偏低,至2018年,3490家非金融行業的內地上市公司中,已購買董責險的僅佔約5%【註2】。

庭外和解的誘因

瑞幸咖啡在美國上市前投保了董責險,中國平安產險作為首席承保方,協同其他7家中資保險公司,一共提供2500萬美元的總保額【註3】。值得注意的是,所有的董責險都有標準的免責條款,即如果法院裁定公司董事和高管有故意的不當行為或非法牟利,則保險公司不予賠償。但免責條款在西方一向缺乏實質的約束力,通常涉案公司寧與原告股東庭外和解,而不承認也不否認行為失當;原告則可獲和解金額,通常在董責險的保額之內,由承保公司賠付。原告隨之撤銷訴訟,法院也不會再審理,是否存在故意的不當行為或非法牟利自然不了了之,導致免責條款無從生效。原告股東為何願意作出和解?只因若法院最終裁決被告違法,保險公司將按免責條款拒絕賠償,要是被告無力支付巨額賠償,原告股東也就一無所得。對於被告而言,選擇法院裁決需承擔最終無法利用董責險保額的風險,可見原告和被告都有庭外和解的誘因。實際上,董事和高管須自掏腰包賠償的例子有如鳳毛麟角,2001年安然公司財務造假事件中,雖然最後以庭外和解的方式結束,但和解費高達72億美元【註4】,扣除辯護費用後超出董責險的承保限額,世界通信公司和安然公司各10名前董事,唯有自費賠償3100萬美元給原告投資者。

免責保護的利弊

近幾十年來,上市公司董事和高管應否承擔法律責任或獲得法律責任保護,一直備受業界、學界、立法機關爭議。這一爭論尤其適用於公司董事,因監管要求當今上市公司的大部分董事均為外部獨立董事(非公司僱員)。1985年起,美國聯邦政府和州政府的相關法案連番改革,也反映了立法機關對此的不同取態,對董事的法律保護時增時減。其中較著名的法案包括:1985年特拉華州(Delaware)對於Smith v. Van Gorkom一案的裁決,提高了董事的法律責任風險,以致董責險保費飛漲、保額下降、大批外部董事辭職。其後,該州及多個州政府修改公司法,以增加對董事的法律保護:1989至2005年期間,23個州份相繼通過Universal Demand Law,調高股東提起衍生訴訟的門檻;1995年,聯邦政府頒布《私人證券訴訟改革法案》(Private Securities Litigation Reform Act)提升證券集體訴訟的門檻、增加對董事與高管的法律保護。2002年,聯邦政府頒布《薩班斯-奧克斯利法案》(Sarbanes-Oxley Act),強化董事與高管的法律責任。

上述爭議長期存在,是因為對上市公司的董事和高管提供法律保護既有利也有弊。要求承擔法律責任足可發揮重大威懾作用,使董事和高管盡忠履職,從而降低代理成本和道德風險。但若要求他們承擔過多的法律責任,反令優秀人才(尤其是外部董事人選)卻步;或即使入職後,也會謹小慎微,使公司錯失一些有存在風險但也有潛在高回報的投資項目。
筆者和其他學者基於西方數據所作的研究大都顯示,為上市公司董事和高管提供法律保護,大致會導致公司增加代理成本,例如因財務報告品質下降、併購投資效率下降、冒險行為增加,而推高融資成本、降低估值。

不過近期也有研究發現,提供有關法律責任保護也有助促進企業研發創新,招聘高品質的外部董事,對面臨較高訴訟風險和較大發展機會的公司尤為重要。這些研究既便於學者、業界和政策制定者了解箇中利弊,也反映有關法律保護的重要性和複雜性。此外,雖然投保董責險或會增加代理成本,但是否投保通常由董事會決定,毋須股東大會批准(內地上市公司除外),而且投保董責險一般被視為公司敏感資訊。
可以預見,瑞幸咖啡事件將成為內地上市公司董事與高管加深認識訴訟風險、重視董責險的一個契機。值得注意的是瑞幸咖啡董責險的總保額2500萬美元,遠遠不夠投資者在消息披露當天的巨額市值損失。該集團最終如何賠付投資者,還需拭目以待。

 

註1: “Directors’ and Officers’(D&O)Liability Insurance in Hong Kong”, Lorenz & Partners Newsletter No.194, December 2015

註2: 感謝中國人民大學商學院袁蓉麗教授提供數據。

註3: “Fraud-rocked coffee chain files D&O insurance claim”, Insurance Business Asia, 8 April 2020

註4: “Enron settlement: $7.2 billion to shareholders”, Houston Chronicle, 9 September 2008

 

鄒宏教授
香港大學經濟及工商管理學院金融學教授

沈思晨博士
武漢大學經濟與管理學院金融系助理教授,2019年畢業於香港大學經濟及工商管理學院

(本文同時於二零二零年五月二十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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