logo
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
logo
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
港大經管學院
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAA
      • MAcct
      • MCGRM
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSAF
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Can tax reforms narrow down the wealth gap?

Can tax reforms narrow down the wealth gap?

28 Oct 2021
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email
改革稅制能否改善財富不均?

困擾香港特區的貧富懸殊問題揮之不去,令人憂慮,但究竟何謂富人?根據嘉信理財(Charles Schwab)的現代財富調查 【註】,2021年美國人對富有的定義是資產淨值達190萬美元。瑞士信貸(Credit Suisse)全球財富報告估計,2020年全球有5610萬人的個人資產逾100萬美元,其中約2000萬人居住在美國,而當中700萬人的淨資產超過500萬美元,21.5萬人的淨資產超過5000萬美元。

在社會經濟或個人健康受到衝擊時,財富固然能提供安全網,亦能在經濟穩健時為營商和事業發展提供資本,但貧富差距加劇卻有損社會穩定。最近有報道指出,新加坡正研究透過稅制改革收窄財富差距。

所患在於不均

按聯邦儲備局(聯儲局)每季度估算,2020年美國家庭淨資產(不包括16.6萬億美元債務)為130.2萬億美元,較2019年增加11.8萬億美元,創歷史新高。以資產計,有養老基金和存款(70%)、房產(25%)以及其他有形資產(5%);債務中,抵押貸款約佔三分之二,學生債務佔10%。若按美國人口普查局估計,2020年美國家庭的平均淨資產為101萬美元,而個人平均淨資產約為39.3萬美元。

然而平均財富與現實的財富分布卻大相逕庭。據經濟合作與發展組織(OECD)的數據分析,2018年美國最富有的10%家庭擁有全國財富的79%以及經濟收入的35%;其他國家的對應比率則分別為52%和24%。

在2021年6月,皮格提(Thomas Piketty)和李揚在世界財富與收入分布數據庫WID.World發表的研究報告指出,香港自踏入本世紀以來,收入不均情況嚴重加劇。過去20年間,資本佔比和頂尖財富佔比大幅攀升,資本增至佔國民收入的45%,相當於高收入國家資本份額的1.5倍以上;而頂尖財富佔比(首0.001%)現更位居世界前列。

此外,研究報告指出香港收入最高的1%組別,在工資總額中佔比高於收入最低的50%的一群,與特區回歸前正好相反。在1981至2018年間,收入最高1%組別的工資佔全港收入的比率,從10.7%升至16.3%;而最低50%組別則由18.7%降至11.6%,可見貧富差距日益嚴重。

收入不均一直是造成貧富懸殊的主因。以美國為例,收入最低的90%美國人平均開支佔其稅後收入的99%,反觀收入最高的10%美國人的同項佔比僅為64%。美國富人有充裕的資金投資金融產品,令金融資產的增長速度遠勝整體經濟。在1981年,美國金融資產為本地生產總值的2.3倍,到了2020年已增至6.1倍。這亦印證了皮格提在其經典著作《21世紀資本論》(Capital in the 21st Century)中的論點:當資本回報率大於經濟增長,金融資產增長就會快於經濟,形成財富不均。

既能載舟也能覆舟

其實美國財富不均的情況,在1910至1950年間有所下降,直到1980年亦一直維持在較低水平,但其後卻大幅增加。過去40年來,聯儲局的擴張性貨幣政策,加上利率持續下降,一直是驅動投資回報的主要因素,使財富不均持續惡化。隨着利率下降,長期國債和大額資本化普通股的年均回報率分別為9.4%和11.5%。樓價不斷上漲,同樣加劇貧富懸殊。再者,儲蓄利率處於歷史低位,令小存戶備受金融壓制。

美國總統拜登上台後,就加徵財富稅提出多項建議,其中一項是將收入超過100萬美元的最高長期資本利得稅率從23.8%增至43.4%,並追溯到2021年4月。另一項建議則把免稅遺產值由1170萬美元降至350萬美元;觀乎目前70歲或以上的美國人,合共擁有35萬億美元財富之多,這無疑是龐大的稅收來源。另一引發廣泛討論的建議,是將公司稅率提高到28%。

一些經濟學家就曾警告,提高公司稅率恐會促使企業利用加價方式,把稅務負擔轉嫁到消費者身上;公用事業公司則可透過法律框架提高水電費,以彌補稅務成本,以致中下階層消費者蒙受損失。至於財富稅,在九十年代,尚有10多個歐洲國家加以徵收,但如今只有挪威、西班牙和瑞士三國維持這項稅收,而起步稅率均不足1%,預計稅收只有6位數,對國庫幫助不大。

知難而退先例

財富稅難以在歐洲有效實施,皆因資產價值難以估算,有些更可隨時移動。瑞典即使財富稅率較低,已促使部分非常富有的公民(如宜家的創辦人)遠走他方,瑞典政府於是在2007年廢除個人財富稅。至於法國,從《新世界財富》的數據可知,自2000年以來,約有7萬名百萬富翁遠走他國避稅,因此法國亦於2017年步瑞典後塵。在1991年,奧地利亦取消徵收了長達數十年的財富稅,理由是計算徵稅的行政負擔過重。

下藥務必對症

提高公司稅率會直接影響企業收益、現金流和獲利回報率,繼而降低風險資本的稅後回報。直接打擊風險投資動機,對資本形成和經濟增長構成重大影響,最終只會適得其反。

近數十年來,科技進步和自動化技術取代了美國的半熟練技工。企業把大量低技術的工序搬遷到成本較低的發展中國家,並致力發展高科技及專業服務。高學歷高技術人才的薪酬得以水漲船高,低技術工人則面臨減薪或裁員的危機,令這兩類工人的貧富差距有增無已。

缺乏反壟斷法保障,資訊技術和通訊服務等領域的大企業,可通過併購初創企業和開發新技術打擊潛在競爭對手。由於市場競爭有限,商品和服務的價格一直高企,這尤其影響到資金供應有限的經濟階層。

美國在反壟斷法方面正處於十字路口。最近拜登宣布了一項促進競爭和減輕主要行業壟斷的行政命令,效果如何還需拭目以待。美國政府處理谷歌和臉書等技術主導平台的方法備受投資者關注,皆因此等龍頭企業一旦分拆,其價值可能高於當前市值,投資者更有望富者愈富。

財富不均問題錯綜複雜,要有效解決殊非易事,政治上亦極富爭議。除了要拆解深層原因,亦須透徹分析各種辦法可能產生的深遠影響。經濟歷史學就滿載着公共政策事與願違的結局。

如前所述,恰當穩健的稅收政策固然可作為解決之道,其他可行方案包括通過教育投資、醫療保障和完善退休金制度,應足以對財富不均現象產生較持久的正面影響。

 

【註】: Charles Schwab Modern Wealth Survey 2021

 

謝國生 港大經管學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

(本文同時於二零二一年十月二十七日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

The Copernican Revolution of Economics20 Oct 2021
Will the Northern Metropolis become the Pudong New Area in Hong Kong?10 Nov 2021
Trending
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Prof. Joseph CHAN
Hong Kong has long been successful in its four pillar industries, comprising trading and logistics, financial services, professional and producer services and tourism. According to the research by the HK government, they contributed close to 60% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and almost half of the total employment before COVID. However, all these four pillars have encountered the decline in their respective area – resulting from the rapid change in market need & user behavior, regional and global competition, the development in new value-chain and advanced technology, as well as geo-political environment. As a solution, ‘innovation’ has been introduced to address these pain-points of Hong Kong. The question to ask, how should we develop the innovation strategies – instead of coming up ideas for the sake of ‘innovation’? In this article, we will discuss how innovation strategy could be approached from the perspective of poverty alleviation to Web3 industry development – two topics sound not-related, but their common ground might give us the insight on how we could find the development path of Hong Kong.
14 May 2025
Faculty
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Dr. Maurice K.S. TSE
關稅豪賭  只有輸家 國際貨幣基金組織在上月發表的《世界經濟展望》,將全球經濟增長預測從今年 1 月的 3.3% 顯著調低至 2.8%。報告指出,中國和印度將成為推動全球經濟增長的主要動力,預計未來5年貢獻比例分別為 23%和超過15%;而美國因其關稅政策的不確定性,對全球經濟的貢獻率遭下調至 11.3%。
7 May 2025
Faculty
Dr-Maurice-Tse_2019
About Author
Dr. Maurice K.S. TSE

Principal Lecturer

Tags
tax reform
wealth gap
Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement