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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Blue ocean strategy against coronavirus crisis

Blue ocean strategy against coronavirus crisis

13 May 2020
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疫情與藍海戰略 

新冠肺炎已經感染了410萬人口,並且導致28萬人喪生。相對於其他地區,香港的感染和死亡人數顯著較低。截至5月11日,已經連續22天沒有新增本地傳染個案了。

從經濟上而言,該病毒在全球大肆破壞。特區政府最近的報告指出,本港經濟在第一季度按年收縮8.9%,財政司司長陳茂波將2020年的經濟增長預測從負4%調低至負7%。除了本地,全球主要國家亦面臨經濟衰退;中國經濟也自1970年代以來面臨第一次負增長,同時也需面臨數以百萬計的裁員。美國的失業率也在4月份達到14.7%,單月失去超過兩千萬個職位,這是自大蕭條以來錄得最高的數字【註】。

無論香港能否避免下一波爆發,對市民和商戶而言,經濟復甦前路依然坎坷。最樂觀的情況是,在新常態下,需求僅在接下來幾個月維持在較低水平而不會持續下滑。另一方面,根據港府報告,香港短期內的經濟前景十分不明朗,復甦之路可能更長。如果商戶或者個人能夠找到新方法創造價值,我們就能夠減輕經濟上的損失,減少失業。

藍海戰略要點

筆者希望通過介紹藍海戰略,啟發那些因疫情而損失傳統客戶的企業發掘新機遇,該戰略核心在於幫助企業通過改變策略,在紅海中找到藍海。

坊間不少人誤解了藍海戰略,將任何讓企業尋找藍海的方法都稱作藍海戰略。實際上,該戰略是一套完整的體系,由歐洲工商管理學院教授金偉燦(W. Chan Kim)和Renée Mauborgne合作推出,值得大家去深入了解。一般而言,要擴大市場份額,企業會力保和擴大其現有顧客群體。相反,藍海戰略主張以原本因市場上產品或服務未能滿足其需求,而無意或甚少購買此產品的消費者為目標,另闢客源。 Kim和Mauborgne並把這些潛在顧客稱為「非顧客」。藍海戰略的基本框架是:消除–減少–提升–創造。企業消除或減少市場上產品或服務中那些傳統顧客重視,而對目標「非顧客」可有可無的因素,從而大幅削減成本。提升意即增加傳統上行業沒有做足功夫,沒有在產品或服務加入吸引新目標「非顧客」的因素,創造則以針對目標「非顧客」偏好的新特性以作招徠。如此過程因有助企業提供「非顧客」認為高質量的產品之餘,同時可以降低成本,被稱為價值創新(value innovation)。

可供借鏡範例

儘管目前酒店行業受到疫情嚴重影響,前景並不明朗,但連鎖酒店士迪辰(citizenM)的營商模式仍然值得引為藍海戰略的範例來研究。士迪辰酒店聯合創辦人Michael Levie表示:「所有5星級酒店都在紅海中競爭,所有4星級酒店都在紅海中競爭,所有3星酒店級也都在紅海中競爭。」這是因為傳統酒店的賣點相似,同級的酒店之間也大同小異。為了價值創新,士迪辰瞄準新一代旅客(該集團稱這些「非顧客」為「流動公民」),這群旅客聚焦擁抱多元文化,擁有熱愛自由,喜愛社交,想法前衞和注重價值的特點。士迪辰了解到他們喜歡社交,喜愛新科技(電子產品),而不喜歡將時間花在酒店房間裏。因此,士迪辰通過建造標準化的預製小型客房,安排自助入住服務,並且不提供全方位服務的餐廳來大幅削減成本;同時在能夠提升目標客戶價值的地方落足功夫:提供非常舒適的特大號睡床,優質淋浴,免費WiFi上網和點播電影服務,酒店位於便利的地理位置(因此也不需要全方位服務的餐廳)和擁有寬敞的共享空間。共享空間設有名家設計的家具,可讓客人聚在一起休息、工作、開會、聊天或看電視。

由於其價值創新,士迪辰能夠提供獲新一代旅客評價為4星級酒店的設施,而建造成本則低於3星級酒店水平。

疫情中的藍海機遇

以下我們展示如何在疫情下尋找藍海機遇。因為受疫情影響,提供線下課程的培訓或教育機構被迫暫停運作,改為網上教學。但是疫情也為這些機構帶來潛在的藍海機會。例如它們現時可以通過網絡授課模式聘請海外講師,為在港企業提供訓練。在疫情之前,安排講師來港授課成本較高,未必每間企業都能夠負擔經費,現在供需雙方可能更願意接受網上教學,所以成本可以降低。此外,既然改為網上教學,客源不再限於香港一地:基於毋須再為海外講師支付出差旅費及補償他們來港行程的時間成本,機構就有能力提供全球一流師資和培訓項目水平,從而吸引來自世界各地的客戶(或「非顧客」),大大增闢客源。

藍海戰略在疫情過後亦自有其作用。福布斯雜誌就有文章作者這樣說:「疫情過後,藍海將遍布全球,但能從中獲利的漁翁卻不多見。」筆者同意這個說法。世界回復正常後將形成一個新常態,其中種種規管措施、消費者偏好,和供應鏈都會為之改變。未能改變戰略的企業,就會蒙受低需求和高成本帶來的損失。一些市場的傳統顧客,也會因為在經歷疫情過後改變他們的偏好,舊產品或服務不再滿足其需求,所以實質上可被視作行業裏的「非顧客」。企業若能夠運用藍海戰略來保留偏好改變了的舊顧客,或者尋求別的「非顧客」,又降低成本,就能振興業務,成為新的市場領導者。

總而言之,面對疫情,需要各界人士出謀獻策,各盡所能。如果企業能夠在危機中及危機後運用藍海戰略,作出合適調整,就能減輕疫情的影響,讓更多人渡過這個難關。

 

註: “Record 20.5 million American jobs lost in April. Unemployment rate soars to 14.7%”, CNN Business, 8 May 2020

 

參考文獻:

跨境電商主動化「危」為「機」,人民日報海外版,2020年3月30日

Freek Vermuelen (2015),” citizenM : Radical innovation in the hotel industry “, London Business School case study

Kim, W. Chan, and Renée Mauborgne (2014), Blue ocean strategy, expanded edition: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant. Harvard business review Press.

Kim, W. Chan and Renée Mauborgne (2017), Blue ocean shift: Beyond competing-proven steps to inspire confidence and seize new growth. Hachette UK.

” There Will Be Blue Ocean’s Everywhere Post Pandemic ” , Forbes, 9 April 2020

 

房育輝教授
香港大學經濟及工商管理學院教授(管理及商業策略、經濟學)

(本文同時於二零二零年五月十三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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