logo
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
logo
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
港大經管學院
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAA
      • MAcct
      • MCGRM
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSAF
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Beware of the gray rhino

Beware of the gray rhino

4 Nov 2020
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email
犀牛出沒注意

2007年,正當美國發生的金融海嘯急速演變之際,時任衍生工具交易員兼作家塔利伯(Nassim Nicholas Taleb)的著作《黑天鵝效應》(The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable)面世。「黑天鵝」一詞,是指一些出現概率非常低,事前無從估計,但影響極為巨大的事件。作者認為影響世界的許多大事,其實都是黑天鵝事件,並批評學術界和風險管理的專家,往往忽略概率分布中極端可能性的重要性。當時百年一遇的金融海嘯,正是一次黑天鵝事件,該書出版合時,自然洛陽紙貴。

灰犀牛的威力

2016年美國女作家渥克(Michele Wucker)出版的《灰犀牛》(The Gray Rhino: How to Recognize and Act on the Obvious Dangers We Ignore)一書,則指出許多我們認為是黑天鵝的事件,事出之前其實有跡可尋,亦每每有人提出及時的警告。這些問題極可能發生,且其重大威脅又備受忽略,作者稱之為「灰犀牛」,因為它體型龐大,平時動作緩慢,離遠亦能清楚看見,應有足夠時間迴避。

根據渥克所言,倘若我們不幸被灰犀牛襲擊,那一定是自身有些事情做得不好,初時視而不見,沒有戒心,即使後來有人提出警告,我們也予以否定。然而,對於灰犀牛問題我們有能力解決,這與塔利伯所強調的黑天鵝性質截然不同。

渥克這部著作在中國內地一紙風行,根據亞馬遜網站介紹,它被稱為是對內地政策領域影響最深的一本書,在百度搜尋該書,也會找到無數的帖文,其熱門程度可見一斑。

作者財經記者出身,交遊廣闊,因此書中有許多故事以及自身經歷,由報道阿根廷債務危機到參與北極圈研究會議,以至出席多哈世界經濟論壇等等,作者都以第一身娓娓道來,讀來一點也不沉悶。作者認為我們受到灰犀牛來襲,不幸受重創的原因,大概可以分為兩類。第一類是人類不善於對未來作出預估(但又沒有自知之明!),以及人類行為的一些盲點,包括肯定偏見(affirmative bias)、近況偏見(availability bias)和確認偏見(confirmation bias),等等。第二類原因,則關乎制度,譬如決策者與持份者利益不一致。

對於上述分類,筆者大致上同意,並在這裏提出一些相關要點,供《灰犀牛》一書讀者參考。

瑜中有瑕

第一,渥克選取了大量不同的案例和材料,優點是豐富,缺點是零碎。筆者認為,作者如果能夠通過幾個案例,做出較為深度的比較,從而歸納出核心的地方,會更容易閱讀,也更有說服力。因此,書中歸納出來的重點是否都適用於所有案例,作者並沒有說明清楚。例子太多,就難以逐一深入討論,我也很懷疑有誰會對這麼多種類的事情一一深入了解,這無疑削弱了書中論點的說服力。

舉個例子,作者說到人類在面對灰犀牛時,可能會對正確的警惕採取視而不見的態度;她引述公元前五世紀波斯皇帝薛西斯拒絕顧問的勸告,毅然出兵攻打希臘大敗的故事。然而,沒有哪個顧問是永遠正確的,大家想想今天的許多學術權威,即使對同一件事也往往有完全相反的看法就知道了。薛西斯錯,我們認為他的顧問對,這只是事後的判斷而已。對於一個謹慎的讀者,是很難要求他輕易同意作者對這段歷史的詮釋。

第二,有些灰犀牛事件在萌芽之時就被成功解決了,因此也就不會加以記載。作者在自己的研究中,只着眼於灰犀牛造成的破壞,分析有欠全面,好比我們看到一個人晚上在家玩電玩,就指摘他不去上班,而沒有注意到他白天上班的可能性一樣。此外,當我們對A問題處理得不好的時候,也許是因為把力量放在處理更嚴重、影響更深遠的B問題上,只知責備我們處理A問題不夠妥善,就是偏頗,有欠公允。作者提到許多人類的盲點,如過分樂觀等;反過來說,也許正因為這些偏見,才令許多灰犀牛消失於萌芽狀態之中。

第三,金融海嘯被視為黑天鵝,筆者要為此說一句公道話。雖然渥克指出,美國的金融海嘯甚至都不能稱為黑天鵝,又列舉出之前幾年已有專家提出了警告,但筆者認為這並不足以否定金融海嘯是黑天鵝的判斷,原因有三。第一,這些專家一般都不會只講一面的,一定是「一方面如何如何……另一方面如何如何」;即使有人提出過警告,也不等於此人就認定風險極大。第二,任何時候都可能會有人杞人憂天,儘管有人事先提出過警告,並不能否定後來的發展就不是黑天鵝。第三(也是最重要的原因),我們說金融海嘯是黑天鵝,應該是就它的巨大規模而言,筆者並沒有注意到有任何具份量的人,曾事先預估到金融海嘯即將來臨。

犀牛早現蹤跡

《灰犀牛》作者在書中回憶到她念大學時,讀過法國劇作家尤涅斯科(Eugene Ionesco)的超現實主義話劇《犀牛》。故事是這樣的:在法國的一個小鎮,某天發生了奇怪的事情,有些人變成了犀牛,看到的人都視而不見,慢慢地他們也變成了犀牛,擴展到其他地方。有人提出警告,甚至奔走呼號,其他人卻無動於衷,覺得與己無關,非常迅速地他們也都變成了犀牛,最後只剩下3人,他們都是一直以來最努力不懈,奔走呼號的人。其中一個說:「我不能失去我的朋友和工作!」他也變成了犀牛!剩下一男一女,男的跟女的說:「我們離開這裏吧!」女的想了良久道:「不用了,我都變成犀牛好了!」人類就這樣滅絕了!劇作家所謂的犀牛其實就是法西斯主義。人們予以姑息,造成歷史的大錯。渥克以此警告我們,對於已經出現的灰犀牛視而不見的嚴重後果。

《灰犀牛》這本書,或有不足的地方,不過哪怕只是書名得以家喻戶曉,使得我們有所警惕,這本身就已是一項重大的貢獻。

在我們的世界,灰犀牛其實俯拾即是。舉例說,美國的極度貧富懸殊和兩黨之間意識形態的分歧,使得社會極度撕裂,而長期超低利率又使得在面對新困難時愈來愈沒有迴轉的空間。歐洲則有移民問題,成員國之間對財政紀律亦有分歧。國際上有中美的「新冷戰」,冷戰甚至可能演變成熱戰。全球則面對全球暖化帶來的影響,還有就是人工智能對人類的工作、自主性以至存在意義帶來的威脅。這僅僅是部分能夠清楚看見的灰犀牛,它們更有可能變成意想不到的黑天鵝呢!

趙耀華 港大經管學院副教授

(本文同時於二零二零年十一月四日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄。)

Hong Kong-Shenzhen collaboration brings strong synergy28 Oct 2020
Potential anti-competitive effects of algorithmic pricing12 Nov 2020
Trending
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Prof. Joseph CHAN
Hong Kong has long been successful in its four pillar industries, comprising trading and logistics, financial services, professional and producer services and tourism. According to the research by the HK government, they contributed close to 60% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and almost half of the total employment before COVID. However, all these four pillars have encountered the decline in their respective area – resulting from the rapid change in market need & user behavior, regional and global competition, the development in new value-chain and advanced technology, as well as geo-political environment. As a solution, ‘innovation’ has been introduced to address these pain-points of Hong Kong. The question to ask, how should we develop the innovation strategies – instead of coming up ideas for the sake of ‘innovation’? In this article, we will discuss how innovation strategy could be approached from the perspective of poverty alleviation to Web3 industry development – two topics sound not-related, but their common ground might give us the insight on how we could find the development path of Hong Kong.
14 May 2025
Faculty
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Dr. Maurice K.S. TSE
關稅豪賭  只有輸家 國際貨幣基金組織在上月發表的《世界經濟展望》,將全球經濟增長預測從今年 1 月的 3.3% 顯著調低至 2.8%。報告指出,中國和印度將成為推動全球經濟增長的主要動力,預計未來5年貢獻比例分別為 23%和超過15%;而美國因其關稅政策的不確定性,對全球經濟的貢獻率遭下調至 11.3%。
7 May 2025
Faculty
Dr_Stepten_Chiu_web
About Author
Dr. Stephen Y CHIU

Honorary Associate Professor

Tags
Management & Strategy
Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement