logo
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
  • 繁
  • 简
Type To Search
logo
Type To Search
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
        • About us about us
        • A Premier Business School in Asia with Global Influence
        • Overview
          • Message from the Dean
          • Vision & Mission
          • Milestones
          • Partnerships & Global Network
          • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
          • Rankings & Accreditations
          • Corporate Collaboration
        • Leadership
          • Faculty Management
          • International Advisory Council
        • Our Stories
        • Contact Us
        • Staff Portal
        • Campuses
  • Programmes
        • Programmes programmes
        • Diversified Learning Experience Empowers our Students
        • Undergraduate
        • Masters
          • MAA
          • MAcct
          • MCGRM
          • MEcon
          • MFWM
          • MFin
          • MFFinTech
          • MGM
          • MSAF
          • MSc(BA)
          • MScMktg
          • MWM
        • MBAs & EMBAs
          • MBA
          • IMBA
          • HKU EMBA
        • PhD
        • Executive Education
        • DBA
  • People
        • People people
        • International Faculty Body that Offers Quality Education
        • Faculty
        • Post-Doctoral Fellows
        • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
        • Research Postgraduate Students
        • Administration
  • Research
        • Research research
        • Lead the Frontier of Knowledge Creation
        • Thought Leadership
          • Latest Research Publications
          • HKEJ Column
          • FT Chinese Column
          • In the Media
        • Academic Areas
        • Faculty Members
        • Research Grants
        • Seminars & Conferences
          • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
        • Research Centres & Institutes
        • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
        • HKU Knowledge Exchange
        • HKU Scholars Hub
        • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
        • Media media
        • Inspire the Society and Community with Rigorous Insights
        • School News
        • In the Media
        • Press Release
  • Career
        • Career career
        • Fostering Strategic Partnerships and Talent Development
        • Recruit our Talents
        • Student Career Development
        • Career Opportunities
          • Faculty Recruitments
          • HKU Career Site
港大經管學院
  • Global Presence
  • About Us
    • Overview
      • Message from the Dean
      • Vision & Mission
      • Milestones
      • Partnerships & Global Network
      • Beta Gamma Sigma HKU Chapter
      • Rankings & Accreditations
      • Corporate Collaboration
    • Leadership
      • Faculty Management
      • International Advisory Council
    • Our Stories
    • Contact Us
    • Staff Portal
    • Campuses
  • Programmes
    • Undergraduate
    • Masters
      • MAA
      • MAcct
      • MCGRM
      • MEcon
      • MFWM
      • MFin
      • MFFinTech
      • MGM
      • MSAF
      • MSc(BA)
      • MScMktg
      • MWM
    • MBAs & EMBAs
      • MBA
      • IMBA
      • HKU EMBA
    • DBA
    • PhD
    • Executive Education
  • People
    • Faculty
    • Post-Doctoral Fellows
    • Demonstrators/ Teaching Assistants
    • Research Postgraduate Students
    • Administration
  • Research
    • Thought Leadership
      • Latest Research Publications
      • HKEJ Column
      • FT Chinese Column
      • In the Media
    • Academic Areas
    • Faculty Members
    • Research Grants
    • Seminars & Conferences
      • Edward K Y Chen Distinguished Lecture Series
    • Research Centres & Institutes
    • Hong Kong Macroeconomics Forecast
    • HKU Knowledge Exchange
    • HKU Scholars Hub
    • Shenzhen Research Institutes
  • Events
  • Media
    • School News
    • In the Media
    • Press Release
  • Career
    • Recruit our Talents
    • Student Career Development
    • Career Opportunities
      • Faculty Recruitments
      • HKU Career Site

HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Beacons to pierce the info fog

Beacons to pierce the info fog

8 Jul 2020
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on WhatsappShare on LinkedInShare on Email

資訊迷霧中的指路明燈 

上月報載,WhatsApp群組瘋傳聖安娜餅屋快將結業,呼籲持有餅卡的顧客趕緊換領產品。聖安娜母企利亞零售隨即澄清集團財政穩健,聖安娜不會結業,網上流傳的消息純屬虛假。

製造虛假資訊,既可能在於欺騙大眾,以達損人利己的目的,亦可能是無心之失。蓄意造謠,將假消息廣泛傳播,往往涉及巨大的經濟代價。

作假造市的網站

2018年1月,全球最受歡迎的加密貨幣比特幣(Bitcoin)價值,在短短一個月內突然崩潰,下跌超過六成。由於普羅大眾對這種貨幣缺乏認知,引來多方猜測,陰謀論四起。有關虛擬貨幣的網上資訊泛濫,加密貨幣又缺乏監管,欺詐者藉此利用社交媒體、虛假新聞網站和私人聊天應用程式如Slack等,炒作假消息托市。

正如《紅樓夢》書中名句,「假作真時真亦假」;例如「大泵信號」(Big Pump Signal)聊天室,就以「抽高急放」(pump and dump)的價格操縱手段,以假消息把資產價格抬高,然後抽身離場,從中圖利。手法是在聊天室通過名為John McAfee的假賬戶發出推文,聲稱GVT為「是日首選硬幣」,慫恿會員轉發推文和在指定時間買賣,結果其價值在短短4分鐘內暴漲15美元,交易量翻了一番,19分鐘後卻打回原形,以致不少投資者蒙受損失。

此外,金融市場還出現冒充主流媒體的網站,製造及宣傳虛假資訊。2017年9月比特幣大升浪期間,就有一個假冒CNN的網站,報道布蘭森(Richard Branson)和馬斯克(Elon Musk)投資了1700萬美元於比特幣技術相關的初創公司,令市場憧憬比特幣升勢持續;該網站3個月內的瀏覽次數超過425000之數。人工智能發展一日千里,將結構性數據轉化成人類語言的技術更大有進境,易於以機器產生虛假訊息和語言,增加大眾媒體及訊息消費者經濟或政治損失的風險。

搞小圈子的媒體

近年來,各大科技、社交媒體公司為傳統行業(尤其是媒體、廣告和零售等行業)帶來新穎營運模式之餘,也衍生了虛假資訊大行其道的空間。

社交媒體平台愈來愈多,更使資訊的傳播和消費出現扭曲,廣傳訊息可以完全繞過傳統媒體所講求的嚴謹查證和編輯步驟,而直接傳遍世界,削弱企業和政治領導的權威,亦有助於別有用心者製造輿論、滲透甚至分裂社會。

社交媒體和新聞平台能快速散布虛假資訊,並隨時監察目標受眾反應,再把虛假內容改良,提高點擊次數而增加收入。聳人聽聞的假資訊從來易於嘩眾取寵,其中包括暗藏偏見的議論、似是而非的訊息、如幻似真的陰謀論,以至徹頭徹尾的謊言,用以操縱民意、蒙騙大眾或影響公共政策。

通過大規模的協調行動,增加網站點擊率和瀏覽次數,足以建立虛假資訊的認受性,而進一步深化滲透率。同時,偽造的文件、虛構或冒充人物,亦有利於推廣訊息,再加上遊戲推薦等手法製造活動頻仍的假象,就更事半功倍。

有別於錯誤資訊,虛假資訊指為特定目的而傳播的資訊,旨在誤導或造成傷害。虛假資訊並不一定全部捏造,可經剪裁和拼湊而成。

至於造謠,則包括故意在虛假環境中,使用真實材料以進行虛假連接,例如將假標題配真實圖片,利用冒充知名網站的方式發放誤導性資訊,通過圖像和影像包裝,激起公眾的憤怒或仇恨。

透視幻象背後

大多數人都渴求社會歸屬感和認受性,藉此融入社區、建立身份。關乎歸屬感及社會身份的網傳資訊,自然易於產生共鳴。互聯網和社交媒體固然有其正面價值,讓使用者從中找到屬於自己的社群,建立歸屬感,而且有益社會福祉。

但這跟散播虛假訊息和謠言又有何關係?由於大眾往往下意識去追求社交歸屬感,也就傾向接受認同自己身份的資訊,並對這些資訊來源的媒體深感興趣,而樂於分享及廣傳其中訊息,同時視所屬社交網絡為值得信賴的新聞及消息來源。一個社交群組內若充斥着未經核實或劣質資訊時,其成員自然易受影響。

據相關統計,推特每秒鐘發送6000推文,臉書網站每天託管3億張新照片。一般而言,大部分人都會即時刪除他們認為不相關、不重要、不喜歡的資訊。資訊量龐大,加上大眾的注意力及分析力有限,難以分辨資訊品質高下,亦無從判別其可信性,虛假資訊於是有機可乘,廣為傳播。

自我高估,認為自己理性、分析力強可說是人之常情,但心理學研究早已證明,人腦在涉及資訊分析和接收方面,尤其當處於焦慮和面對不確定因素的情況下,難免有其局限,以致大多數人對模棱兩可或較為複雜的資訊產生抗拒,而傾向尋求和接受易於消化或明確的答案,對有關論據和事實則置諸不理。

「確認偏見」(confirmation bias)會導致個人尋求符合其當前信念的訊息,而所謂的理性邏輯分析,只會淪為對不符自己意見的論據加以過分嚴格的審查,甚至進一步尋求社會認同和對所屬群組的歸屬感。

在社會心理學上,素樸實在論(naive realism)自以為客觀地觀察周圍的世界,以一己看法為依歸,有別於我見者必屬無知、非理性或帶有偏見;這好比視與己不同的宗教信仰為迷信或異端邪說。

素樸實在論加深固執和偏見,令人產生確認偏見,傾向過度強調主觀現實,偏離常態或一般理性準則。確認偏見每多導致知覺扭曲,判斷失誤,而對事物作出不合邏輯的解釋(或泛稱為非理性)。這亦足以解釋為何不同社交群體對己方所接收的訊息如此執着,非要強加於他人不可,在政治上這更足以造成社會分化。

撥亂反正措施

2019年,推特終止了1000個賬號,臉書移除了7個專頁、3個群組和5個賬號。這些賬號同樣被指涉及散播虛假資訊,其中有專頁有近15000名粉絲,有群組則有2200名成員。推特表示,另外有多達20萬個賬號被用來誇大虛假消息,已採取預防性終止措施,以免這些賬號變成活躍賬戶。

放眼未來,虛假資訊顯然會繼續泛濫,在政治和社會上不斷造成分裂,在經濟上構成打擊和損失。利用人工智能科技和數據系統來製造虛假資訊,設計精準的龐氏騙局,令更多人墮入圈套,尤其是如上述缺乏批判性思考的一群。更甚者,虛假的政治資訊容易誤導及煽動不懂分析的普羅大眾,釀成集體暴動或騷動,影響社會安寧甚至全國穩定,一言以蔽之,通過可靠的正規或官方渠道接收資訊方為上策。

 

謝國生博士
香港大學經濟及工商管理學院金融學首席講師、新界鄉議局當然執行委員

(本文同時於二零二零年七月八日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

The Asian financial crisis and the HK dollar1 Jul 2020
The pandemic's impact on education quality and equality15 Jul 2020
Trending
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Innovation Strategy Common Ground – from Poverty Alleviation to International Web3 Centre
Prof. Joseph CHAN
Hong Kong has long been successful in its four pillar industries, comprising trading and logistics, financial services, professional and producer services and tourism. According to the research by the HK government, they contributed close to 60% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and almost half of the total employment before COVID. However, all these four pillars have encountered the decline in their respective area – resulting from the rapid change in market need & user behavior, regional and global competition, the development in new value-chain and advanced technology, as well as geo-political environment. As a solution, ‘innovation’ has been introduced to address these pain-points of Hong Kong. The question to ask, how should we develop the innovation strategies – instead of coming up ideas for the sake of ‘innovation’? In this article, we will discuss how innovation strategy could be approached from the perspective of poverty alleviation to Web3 industry development – two topics sound not-related, but their common ground might give us the insight on how we could find the development path of Hong Kong.
14 May 2025
Faculty
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Gambling with Tariffs: A Losing Proposition for All
Dr. Maurice K.S. TSE
關稅豪賭  只有輸家 國際貨幣基金組織在上月發表的《世界經濟展望》,將全球經濟增長預測從今年 1 月的 3.3% 顯著調低至 2.8%。報告指出,中國和印度將成為推動全球經濟增長的主要動力,預計未來5年貢獻比例分別為 23%和超過15%;而美國因其關稅政策的不確定性,對全球經濟的貢獻率遭下調至 11.3%。
7 May 2025
Faculty
Dr-Maurice-Tse_2019
About Author
Dr. Maurice K.S. TSE

Principal Lecturer

Tags
Information & Technology
Sign up for upcoming news and events
LinkedIn WeChat Instagram Facebook Weibo Twitter YouTube

©2025, HKU Business School. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility Statement