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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Building a Society in which Everyone can Code

Building a Society in which Everyone can Code

19 Jan 2022
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創造人人都能寫程式的社會

編寫電腦程式(computer programming)是將特定任務轉換為電腦可以理解命令的過程,以便電腦執行所述任務。編寫程式是當今科技大趨勢的支柱;包括人工智能、機器學習、數據科學、預測分析、區塊鏈和數字化轉型。而且這些新科技更可為人類創造巨大價值。根據麥肯錫估計,到2030年,人工智能將會帶來約13萬億美元的經濟產出,使全球生產總值每年提升約1.2%。另外,根據微軟2018年的估計,到2021年,數字化轉型將為印度貢獻1540億美元的生產總值,合計為亞太地區GDP貢獻超過1萬億美元的生產總值。

編程技能助鶴立雞群

編寫程式的技能對求職者而言也愈來愈重要。根據招聘網站Indeed的數據,以下涉及編寫程式的技能極為勞動市場所需:雲計算、人工智能、移動應用程式開發、區塊鏈。具有編寫程式能力的求職者將鶴立雞群,他們更容易受到僱主青睞,同時還可以賺取更高的收入。除了一般求職者,企業家也需要編寫程式的技能,因為這些技能可幫助他們開發應用程序(App)來服務客戶。

即使你的正職不是編寫程式,它仍可以給你帶來諸多便利,提高個人生產力。筆者身邊就有兩個例子:筆者於大學教未曾接觸編寫程式的MBA學生使用Python編寫程式,上一年其中一個學生的日常工作涉及搜尋和下載大量商業類新聞文章。自從該學生學了編寫程式後,他編寫了自己的網絡抓取程序(crawler),每天定時自動搜尋並下載相關文章,然後再自動轉發給自己,這讓他節省了大量時間。筆者的朋友最近編寫了一個程式來追蹤因預約取消而產生的COVID加强針空檔。他的程式幫助他找到三天後的空檔,比筆者沒有用程式直接在政府網頁所能找到的兩周後預約空檔要早不少。

編寫程式語言變得愈來愈強大,這要歸功於不斷發展的開源社區(opensource community),社區的貢獻者添加了愈來愈多強大但易於使用的庫(library)和包(package),為編寫程式語言提供了新的功能。根據編寫程式問答網站Stack Overflow的統計,當今最流行的編寫程式語言是Python。

 

編寫程式語言流行程度

來源: https://stackoverflow.com/ (該統計網站上針對每種語言提出的問題數量來推算編寫程式語言的流行程度。)

 

開源社區不僅讓Python等語言變得更加強大,同時也讓它們變得更易於學習。首先,開源社區提供的庫(library)可以讓用戶在不必編寫冗長而複雜程式的情況下完成所需的任務。其次,開源社區中有許多教程和視頻教市民大眾如何使用這些軟件包。對於不熟悉編寫程式的人而言,現在網上有許多免費的編寫程式課,其中一些更是由名校教師提供的,因此他們比以往更容易做到無師自通。

筆者不想誤導讀者低估學習編程的難度,要成為專業程式員,必須經過長時間的學習。但是,由於Python等用戶友好的編寫程式語言變得如此容易學習,沒有編寫程式背景的初學者可以花很少的時間學會編寫很多簡單實用的小程式。例如,根據筆者的經驗,在導師指導下,一個初學者只需花15分鐘便可學會如何產生一個二維碼,來共享他/她的領英(LinkedIn)個人主頁。他們也可以用同樣的工具,花相若的時間學會產生二維碼,交換數字名片。有了這些工具,我們不再需要隨身攜帶任何實體名片。基礎程式設計變得這麼容易也是全靠網上有很多易於使用的庫和包可以下載。相比而言,若不經過幾個月的學習,一個人很難對一門人類所用的語言有一定的掌握和用它來進行基本的溝通。因此,學習一門編寫程式語言的門檻遠低於學習另一門人類語言,而前者的時間投入的回報率亦遠高於後者的回報率。

應制定高中Python課程

綜上所述,我建議香港教育局為高中生制定一套實用且易於學習的必修課程,讓所有高中生都能學習Python。為了讓學童為高中學習Python做好準備,學校應該考慮教年幼的孩子一種適合孩子的編寫程式語言。

在孩子年幼時,教所有孩子編寫程式也可以解決工程類專業中,女性比例較低的問題。例如,在2015年,超過一半的美國生物科學學士學位頒發給女性,但在電腦科學(18%)、工程學(20%)方面則要少得多。從就業市場而言,儘管根據世界銀行的數據,女性佔美國勞動力的46.2%,但根據AnitaB.org研究所的數據,同年女性僅佔科技行業的勞動力的26.2%。Boardroom Insiders的報告也指出,在財富500強公司中,只有22%的技術領導職位由女性擔任。讓所有中小學生接受基本編寫程式培訓,將有助於鼓勵更多女性主修電腦科學或其他工程學科,並最終在科技領域建立成功的職業生涯。

雖然Python可以免費安裝,要編寫程式還需要一台電腦。鑑於編寫程式技能的重要性,筆者還會建議政府考慮資助來自貧困背景的學童,讓這些學生能擁有一台事先安裝了開源編寫程式軟體的電腦,降低他們學習編寫程式的成本。政府亦應該考慮到,學會編寫程式技能有助貧困學童日後獲得薪酬較高的與編寫程式相關的工作,有助他們擺脫貧困,降低香港貧富懸殊。

對我們這一代人來說,編寫程式的技能很有價值;但是對下一代來說,它是必不可少的。筆者相信社會有能力做到讓香港所有年輕人了解編寫程式的基礎,而且這樣做會帶來更加積極和深遠的影響:一方面提高了每個人的工作效率,另一方面也培訓了更多高技能程式員。我們亦可以藉此建立更強大的創業文化,令整個香港變得更具競爭力。受更強大的人才庫所吸引,更多跨國公司也將選擇在香港開展業務。這將會是一個多贏的局面。

 

房育輝教授
港大經管學院教授(管理及商業策略、經濟學)

(本文同時於二零二二年一月十九日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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