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In the Media

Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Regional Welfare Integration Encourages Hong Kong’s Young People to Participate in Greater Bay Area Development

12 Jun 2019
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福利區域一體化有利香港青年投身大灣區發展

中美貿易戰的不確定性,對以出口歐美市場為主的粵港澳企業帶來了許多負面影響,凸顯了產業升級及發展內需的重要性。國家提出的粵港澳大灣區發展戰略,將引領區內的經濟轉型。大灣區發展戰略的基礎,在於生產要素的區域流動性,關鍵是區域內人才及物資的流通。

筆者有幸參與香港廣東青年總會進行《香港青年粤港澳大灣區發展指數2018》的調研設計與分析,重點了解香港青年(15–39歲的香港永久居民)前往廣東省升學、就業、創業、居住的意願。研究數據來自問卷調查,收回問卷總數1370份,其中香港佔809份、廣東561份。

最新調研啟示

調查顯示,分别有23%、21%、19%和15%的香港受訪者願意到廣東省就業、居住、創業和求學,其中19%願意就讀香港學校在廣東建設的分校。促使香港青年前往廣東發展的一個重要因素,是個人在內地的經歷,包括旅遊、參觀、探訪親友、學習、實習、就業、創業及公幹等。大部分身在廣東的香港青年,留在當地發展的意願普遍高於在香港的受訪者,願意就讀香港學校內地分校的比例更達53%,約是香港受訪者的3倍。

研究分析發現,在求學方面,費用低、機會多、學校品質不斷提高,都是吸引香港青年到廣東高校升學或進修的主要優勢。有近一半的受訪者表示,廣東的學費和生活費較低,且畢業後的就業或者創業機會更多。反之,香港青年到內地求學的最大障礙,是文憑或資質證明在香港的認受度低,61%的受訪人對此表示擔憂。此外,不熟悉內地學習環境、學校國際化程度較低,以及學習競爭壓力大,同樣是影響受訪者到廣東求學的負面因素。

在就業方面,43%的受訪者表示,在內地工作的晉升機會更多,這是吸引他們到廣東工作的最主要因素。超過三分之一的受訪者認為,在廣東工作有利於提高自身競爭力,且崗位種類多、部分職位的薪金較高並有政府津貼。至於窒礙受訪者前往就業的最重要原因,則是在當地缺乏人脈和不熟悉職場環境;而超過三分之一的受訪者表示,與家人分開也是一大負面因素。

創業一環,成本低、市場大、資金來源廣,及政府支持力度足,是吸引香港青年到廣東創業的主要動力。然而,近一半的受訪者表示,不熟悉內地創業環境及缺少人脈,是他們前往內地創業的最大障礙;有關資金能否自由流動和內地稅率較高,近三分之一的受訪者表示擔憂。

若論居住,生活成本低和住房條件好,是吸引他們到廣東居住的最大優勢。55%的受訪者則表示,與家人朋友分離和擔心內地生活環境品質,特別是環境衞生、食品安全、社會治安和醫療條件等,都是阻礙移居廣東的主要因素。

調研進一步了解香港青年最希望得到的大灣區教育、醫療、房屋、交通和退休養老這五大範疇的政策支持,發現廣東受訪者對政策支持的需求普遍高於香港受訪者,且重點有所不同。香港受訪者著重居住條件,而廣東受訪者則較注重交通便利。基於調查結果,筆者建議推出下列5項相應的政策措施,以助港人投身廣東省發展。

多管齊下方案

一、教育:近一半的香港受訪者和超過76%的廣東受訪者認為,提供子女教育津貼和香港學校在內地建立分校可促進港人前往廣東升學與進修。因此,政府應鼓勵香港院校設立內地分校,配備同一水平的硬件設備和師資隊伍,在内地提供同等質量的香港教育。進一步建立教育共同體,鼓勵高校聯盟,實現大灣區內部文憑互通、學分互認、學生互換、教師互動、信息互聯。同時,可設立專項獎學金和教育津貼,鼓勵香港青年赴粵進修與實習。此外,為發揮廣東在產業上的比較優勢,還可建立產業實習基地和科技成果轉化示範基地。

二、醫療:約50%的香港受訪者和78%的廣東受訪者提出,政府應提供醫療保險、定額醫療津貼,並在廣東省建造香港醫院分院;筆者亦贊同設立分院,為香港青年提供與香港公立醫院水平相同的醫療服務。若能提供大灣區醫療保險,香港青年即可根據個人情況,自行選擇在廣東或香港靈活就醫。另外,積極引進國際醫療人才,開闢進口醫療耗材及藥品等綠色通道,提升大灣區的整體醫療水平。

三、房屋:超過60%香港受訪者認為,提供房屋津貼和公屋最能促使其到大灣區發展,約80%的廣東受訪者對這兩項措施表示支持。筆者建議特區政府為香港居民移居廣東提供經濟激勵,如租房和購房的補助與津貼,並與廣東省政府協同進行土地規劃和開發,在交通便捷、功能完善、產業聚集的區域,為香港居民建造青年公寓,打造「青年港人社區」,築巢引鳳。同時,建議廣東省政府進一步放寬香港居民在當地的購房限制,例如購房資格、購房數量和按揭貸款,給予香港居民與內地居民同等待遇。

四、交通:56%的香港受訪者和86%的廣東受訪者指出,提供交通津貼或套票為有效之舉。筆者建議,特區政府不妨借鑒現行的公共交通費用補貼計劃,為往返粵港兩地頻繁的市民,每月提供一定的交通補貼或車費回贈,並為特定人士(如長者、小童)提供高鐵、跨境巴士和火車的套票優惠。

五、退休養老:48%的香港受訪者和72%的廣東受訪者贊同特區政府在廣東省設立公立安老院。筆者看來,除在廣東省增加公立安老院數目外,還應從選址到配套的醫療保健服務,全方位提升安老院的水平。同時,擴大長者醫療券在廣東醫院的使用範圍,真正實現香港人在内地老有所養,病有所醫。

誠如國家主席習近平在會見港澳各界,慶祝改革開放40周年訪問團時所說:「上世紀90年代中期,香港80%以上的製造業轉移到珠三角等地,促進內地出口導向型製造業迅速發展,助推內地產業融入全球產業鏈。」事實上,香港企業共享了改革開放40年的成功,大部分企業規模和產值增幅巨大,老一輩的香港企業家及員工從中也受惠匪淺。同時,受益於製造業轉移和相應的生產性服務業發展,香港經濟得以騰飛,人均收入水平及居民福利大幅提升。

目前,中美貿易衝突給內地和香港經濟發展帶來新的挑戰和機遇,過去40年的成功經驗,印證香港需要進一步融入內地的發展,實現新一輪的經濟轉型。上述調查研究表明,特區政府應採取一系列的民生福利政策,通過教育、醫療、房屋等福利的區域一體化,足可驅動香港青年投身大灣區發展。

陶志剛 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院滙豐基金教授(環球經濟與企業策略)

​(本文同時於二零一九年六月十二日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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