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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
Battery Swapping: A Golden Key to Electrifying Hong Kong’s Commercial Fleet

Battery Swapping: A Golden Key to Electrifying Hong Kong’s Commercial Fleet

4 Feb 2026
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商用車電動化從「充電陷阱」到「換電突圍」的破局解方

在全球新能源汽車的補能進化史中,換電技術(battery-swapping technology)經歷了一場戲劇性的重生。早在2007年,以色列公司Better Place就構想了自動化換電的藍圖,試圖通過物理更換電池消除續航焦慮。2013年,美國電動車生產商特斯拉(Tesla)曾高調演示了90秒換電技術,速度完勝燃油車加油。

然而,這項技術隨後被行政總裁馬斯克束之高閣。彼時特斯拉的邏輯很簡單:對於絕大多數擁有固定停車位的私家車車主,低成本的充電樁足以滿足需求。

歷史螺旋式發展的啟示

在此背景之下,「充電派」與「換電派」之爭持續數年;歷史卻一直在螺旋式上升。近年來,以寧德時代為代表的中國企業,將換電模式的重心從全場景覆蓋,精準收窄至高頻運營的商用車場景。相關趨勢在重型卡車領域尤其明顯,內地市場2025年上半年的電動重卡銷量中,換電模式已佔30%。[i]

這一歷史轉折對於寸土寸金、節奏極快的香港意味深長,說不定是打破商用車電動化僵局的一把金鑰匙。

高效補能與電網調峰雙贏

要理解為何換電適合商用車,必須回歸技術原理。換電的核心在於將「車輛補能」與「電池充電」這兩個過程,在時間與空間上進行解耦(decoupling)。換電站的機械臂可以在3至5分鐘內完成更換電池,速度與傳統燃油車的加油體驗高度趨同。

至於對電網的衝擊則更為關鍵。充電技術的優勢在於基礎設施建設的靈活性與廣泛性;換電技術的優勢則在於極致的補能效率,以及對土地資源的高效利用。在技術層面而言,隨着800伏特高壓快充平台的普及,充電速度雖在提升,但對電網造成的瞬時功率衝擊也隨之指數級增加,電網往往需進行昂貴的增容改造,造成「峰上加峰」的壓力。

反觀換電技術,換電站本質上是一個巨大的分布式儲能單元。它可以利用夜間低谷電價為備用電池充電,在日間高峰期為車輛換電,不僅規避了對電網的瞬時衝擊,甚至能參與電網調峰。雖然換電面臨標準統一的挑戰,但作為城市能源節點的潛力正逐漸顯現。

商用車電動化的結構性挑戰

首先是政策目標與現實的落差。特區政府承諾爭取在2050年之前實現碳中和,作為碳排放主力的商用車(的士、巴士、小巴及貨車)因此必須積極電動化。[ii]數據則顯示,儘管電動私家車數量激增,商用車的電動化比率卻極低。

其次是燃料成本的經濟帳失效。這是一個常被忽視的重點,本港私家車電動化進展神速,很大程度上是因為汽油稅極高,轉用電動車能節省巨額燃料費。相反,商用車主要使用柴油,且享有免稅或低稅優惠[iii],足見商用車轉用電力的運營成本節省幅度,遠不如私家車顯著,主動轉型的經濟誘因自然偏低。

最後是右軚市場的供應鏈壁壘。香港是右軚市場,且山多路窄的道路環境極其特殊。全球原設備製造商在開發商用電動車時,往往優先滿足左軚車的主流市場。為香港市場單獨訂製研發右軚車型,成本高昂且周期長,進一步限制香港市場的車型選擇。

的士能源補給的新契機

香港的士奉行「停人不停車」的極限運營模式,市區的士日均行駛路程保守估計達400至500公里,是私家車的10倍以上。這就造成一個物理上的死結:若採用充電模式,考慮到充電及排隊時間,司機每天需耗費1到2小時在補能上,每天或損失約300至500元的營收機會成本。這正是儘管政府通過新能源運輸基金提供資助,的士司機仍對電動車冷感的核心原因。

換電模式將單次補能時間壓縮為3至5分鐘,速度與石油氣相近。此外,香港的士車型高度單一且標準化,這為單一標準電池包的推廣提供了理想的規模效應基礎,亦促使寧德時代等能源巨頭開始加以探索。

巴士換電突圍之道

如果說的士的痛點是時間,那麼專營巴士的痛點則是重量。全球巴士客運的繁重程度,莫過於香港的雙層巴士,滿載動輒逾130人,加上空調負荷,況且還需頻繁攀爬如柴灣道、薄扶林道等大斜路。

若採用充電模式,為保證整天300公里的續航,巴士需搭載超過450千瓦時的電池,重量可達3至4噸。受到香港法規對車輛總重的嚴格限制,每增加1噸電池重量,就須減少載客約15名[iv],不但直接削減巴士公司的票務收入,甚至導致高峰期運力不足。

換電方案則能提供「車電分離」的明智策略:採用「小電池+高頻換」模式,例如僅搭載滿足半天運營的電池,利用中午回場時間快速更換。這能大幅減輕車重,恢復載客量,以化解運營商最核心的盈利顧慮。

開創綠色交通櫥窗

香港商用車的電動化困境,實為極高能源密度需求與極低土地或時間資源供給之間的矛盾。充電模式在私家車方面的成功無法簡單移植。定量的能耗對比清晰表明,必須引入一種能量補給效率遠高於充電的技術,才能夠縮窄這一供求鴻溝。

以「空間換時間」的換電站,為這座高密度城市提供了解難思路。未來的香港綠色交通藍圖,應是一個「充換互補」的多元生態。通過在政策層面給予換電模式合理的土地與法規支持,香港不僅能解決自身的環保痛點,更能以超級聯繫人的角色,向世界示範一套適用於超大型高密度城市的綠色交通解決方案。

[i] 《中國汽車報》8月14日期,“在細分技術路線上,2023至2025年上半年間,電動重卡中充電車型與換電車型的佔比始終穩定在 7:3 左右,表明兩種技術路線均已在電動重卡領域找到了適配的應用場景並實現良好推廣。”中汽政研新能源汽車研究部總監吳喜慶表示。
[ii] 《香港電動車普及化路線圖》
[iii] 香港環境保護署《環保商用車輛稅務寬減計劃》
[iv] 巴士總重限制《道路交通(車輛構造及保養)規例》(第374A章)附表

 

萬智璽 教授
港大經管學院創新及資訊管理學教授
港大經管學院創新及資訊管理學學術領域主任

(本文同時於二零二六年二月四日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

Photo source: Tesla

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