團隊

過去，機構投資者在對企業董事投下反對票時，極少公開說明反對的具體原因。 而如今，這種情況正在改變。 附在反對票上的簡短書面說明——正成為推動公司治理改革的利器。

Information production associated with derivatives markets is not a sideshow; rather, it has significantly positive spillover effects on an array of corporate decisions of underlying firms. Using a regression-discontinuity design based on exogenous variation in options availability as an instrument for changes in the information environment, we show that options introductions have causal effects on corporate policies on both sides of the balance sheet. Through improved information efficiency, options availability reduces the need for debt and payout, increases efficient investment, and yields superior innovation. We conduct two independent experiments demonstrating that our instrument’s impact is not derived from alternative channels.

Over the past three decades, the rise of passively managed index funds has transformed how Americans and other investors around the world invest. In 1990, index funds held only less than 1% of all mutual fund assets. By 2018, this had grown to more than 30%, which worth over US$6 trillion and now represent the largest shareholders of many US corporations.