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Home Research Thought Leadership In the Media

Hong Kong Insurance Industry: Opportunities and Strategies

18 Sep 2019
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保險業的發展機遇及戰略

香港作為國際一流的綜合性金融中心,保險業是其金融服務業的要素,也是香港融入大灣區發展的重點產業之一。根據2019年3月發表的「全球金融中心指數」(Global Financial Centres Index),香港位列第三,僅次於紐約和倫敦,與同一指數中保險業分項的排名相同。2018年,香港的保險密度(人均保費支出)為8,320美元,排名亞洲第一、世界第三;保險滲透率(保費佔GDP的比重)為18%,高踞亞洲首位、世界第二。同年新加坡的保險密度與滲透率分別為6,440美元及7%,行業排名世界第四。

香港保險業主要有兩類業務:一是一般業務(例如意外及健康業務),主要滿足本地需求,故保費規模及增幅較小,2018年毛保費約為536億港元;二是長期業務(例如退休計劃業務),同年長期業務的毛保費額約為4,782億港元,佔比高達90%。個人人壽及年金業務為最主要的保險業務類別,保費收入約為4,313億港元,其中非投資相連業務以年付為主,佔新保單額的61%,其次為整付業務,佔比27%;至於投資相連業務中,整付與年付合計佔比約11%。

綜觀發展歷程

香港個人人壽保險業務集中在美元和港幣兩類。美元保險發展尤為迅速,2013年後迅速增加,2016年達到頂峰,新保單額為1,361億港元(佔市場份額74%);2018年則降至1,133億港元(市場份額70%)。港幣保險一直穩中有增,2018年新保單額達435億港元(市場份額27%)。人民幣保險自2013至2017年間,保費規模持續下降(市場份額由13%大幅下滑至1%),但2018年新保單額激增,達44億港元(市場份額回升至3%)。人民幣保險產品在港發展欠佳可能有兩個原因:一是內地客戶對人民幣保險產品需求較小,他們偏好美元和港幣保險產品,並以前者為甚,可見投資者對與美元掛鈎的港幣仍缺乏信心。二是香港保險公司以英美集團為主,專攻海外市場投資,對人民幣資產投資並不擅長。

目前,香港境內共有162間獲授權保險公司,其中50間經營長期保險業務。個人人壽保險業務方面,友邦、滙豐(包括恆生保險)、保誠三大巨頭鼎足而立。2018年,友邦業務額佔年度新保單總額的22%;滙豐保險由於銀行的渠道優勢,穩佔16%;保誠佔比為13%,其餘依次為宏利人壽保險(國際)、中國人壽(香港)、中銀人壽。至於保險產品類型,友邦在整付與年付業務上均有絕對優勢,宏利的整付業務量僅次於友邦,而保誠、滙豐和中銀人壽則在年付保險方面有比較優勢。幣種方面,友邦、保誠及滙豐在美元保險上享有明顯優勢,宏利與中國人壽的港幣保險業務量較大,中銀人壽則在三個幣種的業務發展均衡,在人民幣業務方面更一家獨大。

2001至2016年,香港保險業毛保費增長近六倍,個人人壽業務保單額更激增11倍,主要受益於近20年來香港與內地的經濟融合,來自內地的個人人壽業務保單額跳升近40倍。2005年,來自內地的個人人壽業務新保單額為18億港元,佔年度新保單額的比例不足5%;2016年已高達727億港元,佔比40%。新加坡保險業發展與香港相類,人壽業務新保單額由2000年約40億港元增至2018年約198億港元,增幅近5倍;不同的是,新加坡的離岸保險比重較輕,2010年佔比曾達11%,至2018年跌至3%,對外資的依賴度相對較低。

2016年後,香港個人人壽保險業務一度進入寒冬,內地業務量逐年下降,2018年新保單額為476億港元,佔比降至30%,原因在於內地加強外匯管制(每人每年限額5萬美元),以及銀聯限制購買有儲蓄、分紅性質的香港保險,內地客戶購買美元保險大幅下跌。2019年上半年,內地新保單額約為263億港元,佔比降至26%;近期社會局勢導致內地遊客減少,預計將進一步影響保險銷售和「保險通」的開通。

保持優勢關鍵

對內地客戶而言,香港保險業的核心競爭力在以下三個範疇:

一、保險服務全球化,海外投資優勢明顯,投資收益較高。香港保險公司多為規模較大、發展成熟的跨國集團,分支機構遍布世界各地,在全球化和多幣種資產配置上尤具優勢,並勇於尋求高收益投資標的。反觀內地保險公司則受投資範圍所限,以固定收益類資產為主(如貨幣基金),權益類產品佔比不得超過30%,以致內地保險產品的分紅收益率遠不如香港。

二、香港保險從業員及客戶素質較高,保險持牌人必須通過嚴謹資格認證,且規定每年持續進修,因此誠信度較高而流動性較低;保險經紀與代理人的學歷不乏大學研究生水平,並在內地擁有較強人脈關係。不言而喻,高素質的從業員可選擇高素質的內地客戶,其中中產及以上家庭才具備赴港購買保險的經濟能力和在港投資的需求。優質客戶可減少保險的理賠成本,有助良性循環。

三、理賠方便且保障範圍較廣。香港保險公司實行嚴進寬出政策,理賠時審核較鬆,並在全球都可理賠;香港重疾險覆蓋的病種普遍多於內地,包括輕疾和個別兒童疾病。

放眼發展前景

針對香港保險業面臨的內地業務的挑戰,筆者提出三點策略性建議:

首先,大力發展人民幣保險產品,提高人民幣資產投資能力。香港作為最主要的離岸人民幣業務中心,發展人民幣保險產品能避免內地外匯政策變化帶來的風險。2016年外匯管制加強後,內地客戶對香港提供人民幣保險產品的需求增加;然而本地保險業龍頭均為外資集團,不擅長投資人民幣資產,以致這方面收益偏低。業界若能增聘有關人才,足可提高相關投資能力和競爭力。

其次,適當調整產品類型,以發展年付非投資相連保險產品為主(如終身壽險),滿足內地客戶日益增加的保險投資需求之餘,可避免因內地政策變化帶來的不穩定因素(如整付大額保單減少或終止保單),以保持業務增長。

最後,積極參與大灣區發展,深化粵港澳保險合作。近年來內地社會保障資金缺口問題備受關注,中央政府鼓勵購買商業保險作為補充,正是香港保險業拓展內地市場的良機。大灣區九個內地城市的保險密度和滲透率分別只得約1,000 美元和6%,遠低於香港,潛力巨大。《粵港澳大灣區發展規劃綱要》明確提及「有序推動大灣區內基金、保險等金融產品跨境交易」、「支持符合條件的港澳銀行、保險機構在深圳前海、廣州南沙、珠海橫琴設立經營機構」等內容。結合香港保險業監管局提出的建設大灣區保險服務中心和「保險通」的長期目標,將大力促進本地業界在大灣區內發展,吸引更多內地客戶。

龐大的內地市場既促成了香港保險業近20年的輝煌成績,也是保險業務永續發展的動力泉源。展望未來,借助大灣區發展的東風,配合上文深入剖析的策略部署,香港保險業定能精益求精,更上層樓。

(資料來源:保險業監管局)

陶志剛 香港大學經濟及工商管理學院滙豐基金教授(環球經濟與企業策略)

​(本文同時於二零一九年九月十八日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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