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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
The Prospect of the Sino-US Relationship: A Battle of Ideologies or Political Systems?

The Prospect of the Sino-US Relationship: A Battle of Ideologies or Political Systems?

17 Nov 2021
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中美對抗的前景:理念之爭還是體制之爭?

國家主席習近平最近與美國總統拜登舉行視像峰會。有人可能認為中美關係會出現新轉機,但有鑑雙方基本態勢依舊,中美戰略對抗的格局不會因為最高領導人之間的會面而產生重大改變。

要準確預判中美之爭的未來走勢、鹿死誰手,有兩個誤區必先克服。首先我們要有大局觀,切忌被一招半式的局部得失所迷惑。就像弈棋一樣,一方步步進逼,另一方手忙腳亂、窮於應付,但是一日之長短並不足以奠定最後的勝利。在步步進逼之下,往往是柳暗花明的先兆、海闊天空的契機。高手的狠招,表面上不動聲色、好整以暇,卻能使對手的生存空間愈縮愈小。如不立刻應對,下一步就是死棋。所謂善戰者無赫赫之功就是這個原因。從這個角度看,美國前總統特朗普招招看似雷霆萬鈞,但實際殺傷力有限。如果關稅令商品價格大幅上漲,損害的倒可能是美國消費者的權益。

理念之爭還是實力之爭

兩國之間的較量,決勝關鍵不在意識形態,而在實力。美國指摘中國侵犯人權、侵佔南海等藉口,無不冠冕堂皇,似乎站穩道德高地。不過美國自己的歷史也不見得光彩。坊間普遍認為,美伊關係是從1979年的伊朗人質事件開始持續緊張,但其實美伊交惡的導火線,早於1953年美國中央情報局策劃軍事政變,在推翻伊朗民選總理摩薩台(Mohammad Mosaddegh)時已經埋下。特朗普上台前後,美國媒體大肆報道俄羅斯干預美國大選,使當時美國國內人人義憤填膺。但某位美國高官卻一語道破:「要說干預別國大選,我們可是精於此道!」

現時中國共產黨在國人心中地位崇高,新世代的年輕人早已不再崇洋,故西方的人權牌絕不足以打敗中國。從文化角度出發,在2013年前,全國電影票房的三甲均由荷里活大片如《阿凡達》、《變形金剛:黑月降臨》以及《鐵達尼號》等佔據。但去年全國電影票房的前十名全是國產電影。可見可口可樂、麥當勞、星巴克這些西方品牌在中國年輕人眼裏已光彩不再。

上世紀冷戰時期,美國應對蘇聯的戰略是建基於「圍堵政策之父」(Father of Containment)喬治.凱南(George F. Kennan)於1947年發出的「長電報」(Long Telegram)。其核心思路,顧名思義是,以外交和經濟上的圍堵為主。但即使後來中央情報局訴諸暴力和陰謀,凱南亦不以為然。可見民主國家的決策者也知道單憑漂亮的言詞贏不了冷戰。蘇聯垮台,不是因為美國站穩道德高地,而是傳統社會主義的生產效率低,未能與生機勃勃的資本主義競爭,最終被美國前總統列根的星球大戰計劃拖垮。

合縱與連橫

當前中美新冷戰中,美國的策略有三:通過技術封鎖和美元霸權削弱中國;聯合盟友進行外交圍堵;以及提振自身實力。第一項現時最有效,但中國也有應對之方,長久下去,其效力就會逐漸下降。

中國目前在外交上相對孤立。美國國務卿布林肯說,美國與歐洲、亞洲盟友的經濟實力佔全球GDP六成;中國外交部則反駁說,美、英、加三國人口僅佔全球5.7%,加上歐盟亦只達11%。而中國人口則佔全球五分之一。其實兩者都沒有說到重點:人多未必能贏。1644年滿清入關,以不足30萬兵力打敗了明朝一億多人;戰國末年,秦國統一天下,論人口、幅員、軍隊、人才,六國加在一起比秦國強得多。但六國是聯盟,秦國則是單一決策。聯盟永遠繞不開各懷異心這個致命弱點。中國和俄羅斯的最大敵人都是美國,這本來是中俄聯盟的良好基礎。可是兩國走得並不近,就是因為彼此存在不少利益衝突。

布林肯訪歐,德國總理默克爾表明歐洲與美國的利益不同,外交政策各異。歐盟內部各國的經濟發展水平不一,利益與訴求自然南轅北轍。在財政政策、疫苗政策等重要議題上,27個成員國很難達成一致共識。歐盟這個經濟體發展得愈大,內部就愈不平衡,愈有利中國逐一擊破。比如歐盟內許多外交政策需要全體成員國一致贊成才能通過,中國只要能夠拉攏一兩個成員國,就足以瓦解歐盟對中國的圍堵,而中國的鐵桿盟友都是歐盟內的邊緣國家,如匈牙利、葡萄牙、希臘等。

合縱與連橫的博弈同樣體現於國際貿易上。中國憑藉巨大市場的優勢,讓海外公司互相競爭,坐擁漁人之利。許多美國公司認為,美國限制中國,反倒讓歐洲公司乘虛而入;中國與澳洲的貿易戰,反過來又讓美國、加拿大的公司有機可乘;拜登政府與澳洲的核潛艇交易,損害法國利益,又讓中國有機可乘。歐美指摘中國強制轉移技術,其實不論中國強制與否,只要有競爭,外國公司就會主動向北京政府提供技術轉讓。高鐵、核能開發等技術都是例子。

中美之間的新冷戰與美蘇的舊冷戰不同。當年蘇聯的經濟總量與國際貿易都佔世界很小份額。西方陣營與蘇東陣營之間,經濟上相互獨立、軍事上壁壘分明、敵我界限很容易劃分,所以當年西方能團結抗蘇。今日的地球村,你中有我,我中有你,利益各不相同,正有利於分而治之。

體制之爭

中美之爭,終究是實力之爭。一般人看見中國崛起,常常歸因於美國的天真、戰略失誤,或是中國使詐。這些觀點難免流於皮相之見。大國實力之爭,不宜看策略,宜看體制。事情都有內在的規律和前進的慣性。雙方各有套路,盡其所能。美國歷屆總統並不是大儍瓜,但問題是,眼看中國實力漸強,美國能做什麼?

回溯美國立國,建基於自由放任的經濟政策,這裏不妨把它簡稱為「自由體制」。中國則是政府積極干預經濟,就是所謂「舉國體制」,其具體做法有二。第一,借助政府力量在商業運作上暗地裏打擊外國企業,同時扶植本國企業。但在這方面美國也不例外。在八十年代,美國在芯片行業贏不過日本,就借助政治和外交優勢加以壓迫。現在美國對華為等中國企業進行打壓,都屬同一性質。

第二,政府透過對一些戰略行業進行補貼和支持,具體表現為「中國製造2025」計劃。但美國其實也是一丘之貉。波音與空中巴士的補貼戰,官司打了十幾年,世界貿易組織早有判決。雙方都有錯,大家都在做手腳。

理論上,自由體制有很大活力,是資本主義繁榮的根本動力。反觀昔日蘇聯、中國的社會主義缺乏效率,不改革就是死路一條。現在美國要改弦更張,能否做得好,還是個天大的疑問。官僚的決策相比於市場,常常來得遲緩、低效、失誤率高。私人企業追求私利,美國政府不如中國政府強勢,未必能指揮國內企業。如派發補貼,大家會搶着申請;但若限制企業出口,卻會遇上極大阻力。舉個例子,雖然中美在政治、經濟、外交上全面對立,但美國的私人投資卻大量湧入內地和香港。

美國一方面指摘北京政府對經濟積極干預,另一方面卻依樣畫葫蘆,怎能令人心服口服?政府干預市場,與自由體制的哲學格格不入,美國的相關經驗也不如中國。在決定補貼什麼行業、哪些公司時,難道美國就能獨擅勝場,優於中國?美國國會正在審議大約3萬億美元的政府撥款,這些錢從哪來?這些問題都令人深思。

歸根究柢,從外交圍堵和體制之爭兩方面看,美國並無特別勝算,東升西降的趨勢料將持續。至於中美之間會否兵戎相見,端視台灣問題如何發展。

 

周文 港大經管學院副教授
(本文同時於二零二一年十一月十七日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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