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HKEJ Column

Home Research Thought Leadership HKEJ Column
The Development of Climate-related Risk Disclosure Reaches a New Milestone

The Development of Climate-related Risk Disclosure Reaches a New Milestone

20 Mar 2024
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氣候訊息披露法規發展新里程

氣候變化對社會及經濟產生的影響備受投資者重視,近年有增無已。由於全球變暖而導致極端天氣事件(如洪水、乾旱、風暴)愈趨頻仍和嚴重,對企業的設施、基礎設施及供應鏈難免造成損害,以致不利於生產和消費。

企業在應對氣候變化方面的表現亦與聲譽和品牌形象緊密相連。若企業未能採取足夠的氣候行動,可能出現遭消費者抵制、投資者撤資等負面後果。因此,資本市場一眾投資者正致力尋求更穩定、可比較的氣候相關數據,以便評估氣候風險對企業營運的整體影響,以及公司須如何應對風險,從而作出具針對性的投資決策。

美激辯兩年 新規終出台

2022年3月,美國證券交易委員會就上市公司加強並規範氣候相關訊息披露,發表諮詢文件。經歷兩年的公開激辯後,該委員會在本月正式首次通過全國性氣候訊息披露規定【註】,為公開上市公司制定了報告氣候相關風險及在某些情況下溫室氣體排放的要求。此一最終規定放寬了部分企業在範圍1和範圍2溫室氣體排放量的強制披露規定、範圍3溫室氣體排放量的披露規定,在其他領域也降低了申報人的披露難度,以期鼓勵更多上市公司參與氣候相關披露。

不同範圍排放指的是在評估組織碳足跡時,通常需要考慮各類造成溫室氣體排放的活動。範圍1排放由企業直接產生,例如任何現場生產過程中,因燃燒化石燃料而排放溫室氣體,以及生產過程中化學反應產生的排放和散逸性排放(fugitive emissions)。範圍2排放是與購買電力、熱力、蒸汽或冷卻消耗相關的間接溫室氣體排放,而非企業自身直接排放。範圍3排放是企業供應鏈(包括上游和下游)中出現的所有其他間接溫室氣體排放。

增額外成本 換長遠效益

另一方面,額外的強制氣候披露規定導致上市公司增加不少成本,例如投入人力和時間收集、整理及分析與氣候相關的數據(包括溫室氣體排放、能源使用、水資源管理),都需另聘專業人員或培訓現有員工加以進行。根據新披露要求,企業也得購買或升級軟件和硬件系統,以便更有效地收集、管理及分析氣候相關數據,或需投資於新技術、設備,以降低溫室氣體排放,並提高能源效率。為確保氣候披露的準確性和完整性,企業也許需要聘請外部顧問或審計機構進行獨立諮詢和審查,牽涉公司額外支出。

美國證券交易委員會估計,一家小型上市公司每年平均需要承擔額外42萬美元的氣候披露規定成本;對於大型公司來說,相應數字更達每年53萬美元。儘管企業進行氣候披露難免產生一定成本,但這些投資可以帶來更長遠的收益,如增強企業聲譽、降低氣候風險、吸引更多投資等;足見進行氣候披露是一項有價值的投資。

投資者應該如何善用氣候披露規定帶來的機遇?首先,管理層可以在投資決策中納入環境、社會及管治(ESG)因素,重點關注在氣候問題上表現良好的公司,以降低投資風險,並尋求長期穩定回報。其次,投資者致力了解、參與綠色金融市場(包括債券和基金),支持綠色經濟轉型,藉此獲利。當然,機構投資者還可以不斷監察及追蹤上市公司的氣候披露情況;透過與公司積極溝通,推動企業提升氣候披露質量和可持續發展水平。

港完善監管 與國際接軌

香港一直與國際接軌,在監管企業氣候披露方面取得良好進展。自2013年起,香港聯合交易所有限公司(聯交所)推出了《環境、社會及管治報告指引》,以便上市公司自願披露相關資料。2020年作出修訂後,該指引加入了不少強制披露規定,例如發行人須在ESG報告中披露一份董事會聲明,闡述董事會對於ESG事務的管理狀況;編製ESG報告的過程中遵循哪些原則,以及所採取的方式。

至於供應鏈管理一環,新增兩個關鍵績效指標,強制要求披露:識別供應鏈每個環節的環境及社會風險的慣例;在揀選供應商時鼓勵多用環保產品及服務的慣例。反貪污層面則增加一個關鍵績效指標,強制要求披露:描述向董事及員工提供的反貪污培訓。

2023年4月,聯交所公布一份徵求市場意見的諮詢文件,提出要求所有發行人在其ESG報告中強制性披露氣候相關訊息,並基於國際可持續發展準則理事會的氣候相關披露準則,推出新披露要求。這些新要求計劃作為香港證券上市規則附錄27的D部分併入上市規則。聯交所擬定的披露氣候相關訊息規定涵蓋4個核心支柱:管治、策略、風險管理、指標和目標,並詳細闡述了披露具體要求。新規定預期生效日期將為2025年1月1日,以便發行人熟悉是項新規定。

綜合而言,氣候訊息披露規定要求企業公開其氣候風險及機遇的詳細資料,以提高企業在氣候問題上的透明度,使投資者和監管機構能夠更好地了解企業的氣候表現。同時,通過相關披露,投資者得以評估企業在應對氣候變化方面的風險和前景,有助於降低投資風險,以及尋求長期穩定回報。

不可不察的是,這一規定可能增加企業成本,並在披露氣候訊息的過程中不慎洩露敏感商業資料,或有損企業競爭力。凡此種種,都是政策制定者需要考慮和不斷完善的問題。

 

【註】:The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors

 

章逸飛教授
港大經管學院經濟學高級講師

(本文同時於二零二四年三月二十日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

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