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Hong Kong’s Role in Contributing to World’s Net Zero Goal as Asia’s Carbon Trading Centre

Hong Kong’s Role in Contributing to World’s Net Zero Goal as Asia’s Carbon Trading Centre

13 Jul 2022
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香港通往亞洲碳交易中心之綠路

筆者去年與香港生產力促進局合作研究香港再工業化與未來經濟轉型之路,研究瑞士當地的經濟社會情況和香港綠色產業。故筆者樂見港交所近日宣布成立國際碳市場委員會,推動香港實現碳中和,及加快投入發展綠色和可持續金融生態圈。同時希望藉此文拋磚引玉,借鑑瑞士發展碳交易的過程,與讀者一起探討香港在此方面的發展機遇。

碳交易可以分為合規或自願,概念源自1992年通過的《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》,指一個國家、地區或企業通過合法渠道,獲允許排放生產過程中產生的污染物的權利。時隔29年,2021年聯合國氣候變遷峰會(COP26)落幕,全球政府組織和企業共同制定2050年實現淨零排放的路徑,防止地球升溫超過1.5℃。根據數據研究公司IHS Markit的數據,截至2021年底,全球碳價格達每噸二氧化碳51.45美元。據估計,碳配額價格需要增加到每噸二氧化碳147美元,才能滿足1.5℃的全球變暖限制。碳定價的潛力顯然在很大程度上尚未開發,而且大多數碳價格因太低而無法推動大規模脫碳。目前政府和私營公司的可持續發展和氣候政策仍遠遠落後於預期,不足以實現《巴黎協定》訂下的溫度目標。

世上碳稅最高國家之一瑞士,如何促進碳交易?

碳交易是一種市場化的節能減排政策工具,旨在通過市場功能降低碳排放,減低能源消耗和大氣碳濃度,優化產業和能源結構。理論上,政府制定和控制總量和分配規則,企業可按規定獲得配額,並根據自身減排情況,決定在交易市場上增購或出售超額配額。如電動車龍頭Tesla今年雖然意外被剔出標普500指數,但去年2021年中Tesla全年總利潤為55.19億美元,其依靠出售碳積分便獲得14.65億美元,碳交易已經佔其總盈利四分之一。我們可以預見碳交易發揮資金引導和加速減碳的作用。

參考瑞士的經驗,瑞士採取了碳市場與碳稅相結合的雙軌政策,自2008年起對化石燃料徵收二氧化碳稅。其減碳和發展碳交易市場的過程大致分為三個階段,歷時十數年。

階段(1):2009年至2012年實施自願碳排放交易,目標在1990年的基礎上減少8%的碳排放。

階段(2):2013年至2020年,瑞士轉為強制性碳交易體系,每年固定減少配額總量1.74%,預留5%予拍賣或新註冊公司,明確年度排放配額總量,減少減排信用額度。同時實行碳稅制度,納入碳交易的企業在2013年至2020年免徵碳稅。

階段(3):瑞士碳市場自2020年起與歐盟碳市場掛鈎。

從瑞士的發展途徑可以看出,不同碳市場之間建立聯繫,將帶來更多的交易機會。瑞士碳市場規模小和資本流動性相對歐盟為低,然而配額價格遠高於歐盟。瑞士通過與歐盟碳市場的合作,提升其競爭力。當一個碳市場的碳價格過高時,可以與其他碳市場合作,為企業創造綠色和便利的營商環境。

現時政府的減排政策主要基於2021年發布的《香港氣候行動藍圖2050》,以推廣使用可再生能源和低碳發電技術,抵消碳足跡以外作為主要戰略。除了現有的政策,本港政策制定者可以考慮香港將來在RCEP、大灣區以及中國的碳市場角色和定位。與此同時,與鄰近地區實行碳市場的制度互聯互通,也是政策制定者需為企業拆牆鬆綁的一個重要目標,增強特區在綠色金融和應對氣候變化方面的領導地位。

放水養魚,鼓勵市民和零售投資者參與碳市場

成熟經濟體和資本市場將可交易的碳權商品,轉化為零售可購買的交易所買賣基金(ETF),例如其中一個最大的資產管理(AuM)自願碳交易ETF──KraneShares Global Carbon ETF(美股代碼:KRBN)。自2020年7月推出以來,截至現時資產管理的淨值為11.78億美元,管理費為0.78%。兩年的基金價格升幅近250%,年複合增長率約58%。同期對比標普指數兩年升幅只有約20%,年複合增長率約9.5%,KRBN兩年回報與美國500強企業相比高出192%,前者回報驚人。從經濟學和資本的角度來看,當愈來愈多的資本流入碳金融產品時,就會有足夠的流動性,相當於間接參與碳定價,從長遠來看是有正向收益的。

2022年3月港交所第一隻碳期貨ETF──中金碳期貨ETF(03060)(港元計價股票代碼),管理費為0.99%,而且暫時的資產管理規模不足一億元實屬不理想,如有價沒市。香港資本市場其實不乏具潛力參與碳交易的公司,當中有不少是領先世界的電動車、鋰業和新能源的公司。

暫時而言,參與碳交易和綠色金融的主要是機構投資者和主權基金,以筆者所知,即使專業投資者對碳交易也是一知半解。資本市場如「水」,水清則無魚。綠色金融因本身的利潤相對傳統基金並不高,而業界亦缺乏人才了解相關綠色產品。坊間不少綠色金融課程門庭若市,然而百花齊放之際卻有良莠不齊之說。若要令香港成為成熟的碳交易中心,必須要有「水」有「魚」,讓普羅大眾認識到碳排放交易和參與自願碳交易。政府需提供誘因令業界有「因」可以推廣,同時訂立指引和建設一套完善制度,給業界和有意修讀綠色金融課程的市民。

二十國集團(G20)財長與央行總裁去年承認碳價是應對氣候變化的重要工具之一,香港綠色之路比其他成熟金融經濟體如歐洲已落後約十年,現在我們需急起直追。回歸祖國25年,香港經濟產業急需要轉型並多樣化,配合新時代的步伐,為下一代創機遇。望有志之士能一起促進市場發展,共建可持續金融生態圈,鼓勵和教育更多志同道合的專業人士和青年進入可持續金融行業,使香港國際金融中心地位如魚得水【註】。

【註】:〈建設香港成為亞洲環境、社會及管治(ESG)都會 成就零碳綠色經濟〉,鄧希煒,林康聖,《信報》,2022年5月11日

 

鄧希煒教授
亞洲環球研究所所長、馮國經馮國綸基金經濟學教授

林康聖先生
港大經管學院導師、香港經濟及商業策略研究所附屬研究員

(本文同時於二零二二年七月十三日載於《信報》「龍虎山下」專欄)

 

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