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FT Chinese Column

Home Research Thought Leadership FT Chinese Column
AI Investment Bubble?

AI Investment Bubble?

25 Dec 2025
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AI投資泡沫?

近年來,關於人工智能(AI)的討論持續佔據各大媒體的頭條。無論是在技術突破、倫理爭議,還是在產業應用層面,AI都成為全球關注的焦點。以美國為代表,各大科技公司也紛紛加大投入,積極佈局AI相關領域。科技巨頭(Meta, Alphabet,微軟,亞馬遜和甲骨文)在2025年的相關投資(如購買芯片,建造數據中心和相應的供電設施)預計高達3900億美元,較去年增長74%。這一增長也繼續維持了近些年來的增長趨勢。據哈佛大學的經濟學家估計, 2025年上半年,美國GDP增長中有高達92%將來自AI投資帶動。

市場對AI的熱情持續高漲,推動美國股市屢創新高。AI概念相關企業市值飆升,科技股成為帶動市場上漲的主要力量。然而,在這股投資熱潮的另一面,也不斷有謹慎的聲音傳出。不少分析師提醒投資者,應當警惕潛在的「AI泡沫」。他們指出,這種情形在歷史上並不罕見——從19世紀的美國鐵路建設泡沫,到2000年的互聯網泡沫,市場曾多次因對新技術的過度樂觀預期而陷入非理性繁榮。確實,雖然大量資本正湧入AI領域,但其中相當一部分投資尚未帶來實質性或可見的商業回報。例如,Meta發佈財報披露其投入巨資佈局AI運算能力、數據中心和人才招募後股價應聲下跌,部分反映了投資者對於大量AI投資的疑慮。

那麼,當下的AI投資是否已經顯得過於狂熱? 還是如許多支持者所言,「這一次是真的」(This time is real)?

「這一次是否是真的」,最終仍取決於AI能否帶來持續的生產率提升與經濟價值創造。時間終將給出最終的判詞。然而,在此之前,我們仍可以回到技術本身的特徵出發,去審視當前這波AI投資浪潮,並理解為何「過度投資」在某種意義上恰恰是企業理性選擇下的均衡結果。

低效率的投資,亦即偏離最優水平的投資,有兩種表現形式:投資不足或過度投資。二者雖方向相反,卻同樣導致價值損失——前者意味著本可創造價值的投資機會被錯過,後者則是有限資本被過度投入、無法產生匹配回報。

人工智能技術的特性,使得這種投資博弈尤為激烈。AI領域存在顯著的「贏者通吃」效應:一旦某個企業率先訓練出性能最優的基礎大語言模型(LLM),便能迅速吸引最廣泛的用戶群體,並成為其他應用的核心依託平台,制定技術標準。在強烈的網絡效應驅動下,這種領先優勢會像滾雪球一樣不斷擴大——領先者憑借更充裕的數據、更強的算力與更豐富的應用生態,進一步投入,從而鞏固甚至壟斷其市場地位。

在這樣的背景下,各大科技巨頭寧願冒著投資過度的風險,也不敢選擇保守投資。對於它們而言,錯失時機不僅意味著暫時落後,更可能是永遠失去進入牌局的機會——正如當年的諾基亞因技術路線選擇保守而失去了智能手機時代的主導地位。

進一步來看,即便某些AI相關投資在短期內似乎難以被完全消化——例如快速擴張的算力投入、更高效的算法研發,或大規模的數據中心建設——這些投入在長期維度上依然蘊含著重要的實踐選項價值(real options)。它們為企業未來在技術創新、產品迭代和產業佈局上提供了靈活性和先發優勢。

畢竟,人工智能已經充分展現出超越想象的潛能,其應用邊界仍在不斷拓展。從這個意義上講,至少在AI基礎設施層面,談論「過度投資」可能並不完全合適。真正的區別,或許只在於我們考核投資回報的時間尺度——從短期看似冗余的投入,在長期往往是企業持續創新與競爭突破的基石。

此外,這場AI競賽不僅是企業之間的技術較量,更是國家層面的戰略博弈。人工智能正成為影響全球經濟與地緣政治格局的新變量。根據牛津大學研究團隊今年發佈的報告 ,AI的發展正在將世界分化為有能力構建尖端AI系統的國家與連參與資格都不具備的國家。全球範圍內,用於訓練大型模型的計算資源與AI數據中心正高度集中在少數經濟體,如美國、中國及少數歐洲國家。

這種國家層面的不平衡,使AI不僅是技術或商業議題,更成為戰略資源的競爭焦點。各國政府紛紛將AI上升至國家戰略高度,投入巨額資金建設算力基礎設施、推動芯片自主化、強化數據安全治理。國家之間的技術競賽與企業間的市場競爭相互疊加,共同推動了全球範圍內的AI投資浪潮。

熊琰教授
港大經管學院金融學副教授

(本文同時於二零二五年十二月二十五日載於《FT中文網》明德商論專欄)

 

 

 

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