\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u88d4\u7f8e\u570b\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u3001\u66a2\u92b7\u66f8\u300a\u5feb\u601d\u6162\u60f3\u300b\uff08Thinking, Fast and Slow\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u5361\u5167\u66fc\uff08Daniel Kahneman\uff09\u5728\u672c\u5e743\u670827\u65e5\u96e2\u4e16\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7490\u6b72\u3002\u4ed6\u8207\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u7279\u6c83\u65af\u57fa\uff08Amos Tversky\uff09\u901a\u904e\u5be6\u9a57\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5c07\u8a8d\u77e5\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u8207\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u70ba\u50b3\u7d71\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u884c\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5148\u9a45\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5361\u5167\u66fc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6df1\u523b\u900f\u5fb9\uff0c\u9769\u65b0\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u6c7a\u7b56\u3001\u98a8\u96aa\u8a55\u4f30\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u9810\u671f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8ca2\u737b\u826f\u591a\uff1b2002\u5e74\u56e0\u800c\u69ae\u7372\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5925\u4f34\u7279\u6c83\u65af\u57fa\u5247\u56e0\u65e9\u901d\u800c\u7de3\u6173\u8afe\u734e\u3002<\/p>\n
1979\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5169\u4f4d\u5b78\u8005\u5171\u540c\u63d0\u51fa\u5ee3\u70ba\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u5c55\u671b\u7406\u8ad6\uff08Prospect Theory\uff09\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u90fd\u6703\u76e1\u529b\u898f\u907f\u98a8\u96aa\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u4ecd\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u5192\u96aa\uff1b\u5361\u5167\u66fc\u5982\u4f55\u8a6e\u91cb\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u8c61\u5462\uff1f\u8a66\u60f3\u50cf\u9762\u5c0d\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5169\u500b\u904a\u6232\u7684\u9078\u9805\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u904a\u62321<\/p>\n
A.\u7acb\u5373\u7372\u5f97500\u5143<\/p>\n
B.\u300c\u64f2\u516c\u5b57\u300d\uff1a\u300c\u516c\u300d\u53ef\u7372\u734e\u91d11000\u5143\uff0c\u300c\u5b57\u300d\u5247\u7121\u734e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f60\u6703\u600e\u6a23\u9078\u64c7\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u904a\u62322<\/p>\n
\u5148\u7d66\u4f601000\u5143\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u8b93\u4f60\u8003\u616e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5169\u500b\u9078\u9805\uff1a<\/p>\n
C.\u5373\u6642\u640d\u5931500\u5143<\/p>\n
D.\u300c\u64f2\u516c\u5b57\u300d\uff1a\u300c\u516c\u300d\u5c31\u640d\u59311000\u5143\uff0c\u300c\u5b57\u300d\u5247\u6beb\u7121\u640d\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9019\u6b21\u4f60\u53c8\u6703\u600e\u6a23\u9078\u64c7\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u9019\u5169\u500b\u904a\u6232\u5728\u6578\u5b78\u4e0a\u672c\u8cea\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u300c\u904a\u62321\u300d\u898f\u5b9a\u4f60\u5728\u5169\u500b\u9078\u9805\u4e2d\u4efb\u64c7\u5176\u4e00\uff1aA\uff09\u80af\u5b9a\u53ef\u5f97500\u5143\uff0c\u6216B\uff09\u7372\u5f971000\u5143\u62160\u5143\u7684\u6982\u7387\u540c\u70ba50%\uff1b\u300c\u904a\u62322\u300d\u540c\u6a23\u8981\u4f60\u4e8c\u9078\u4e00\uff1aC\uff09\u80af\u5b9a\u53ef\u5f97500\u5143\uff081000\u5143-500\u5143\uff09\uff0c\u800cD\uff09\u7372\u5f971000\uff081000\u5143-0\u5143\uff09\u62160\u5143\uff081000\u5143-1000\u5143\uff09\u7684\u6982\u7387\u540c\u70ba50%\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u7d50\u679c\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7686\u56e0\u5169\u500b\u904a\u6232\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u7570\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u5f37\u8abf\u5f97\u76ca\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5f37\u8abf\u640d\u5931\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u5f71\u97ff\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5f85\u554f\u984c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002\u9762\u5c0d\u8499\u53d7\u640d\u5931\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u6642\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u60dc\u6253\u8ced\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u8ce0\u9322\uff1b\u5f9e\u4e2d\u4ea6\u53ef\u63a2\u8a0e\u8ced\u5f92\u5fc3\u614b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u540d\u8ced\u5f92\u5728\u8ced\u5834\u300c\u8cb7\u5927\u7d30\u300d\u9023\u7e8c\u8d0f\u4e865\u5c40\uff0c\u4ed6\u60f3\u4eca\u5929\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u6642\u4f86\u904b\u5230\uff0c\u8cb7\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e2d\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u52a0\u6ce8\u62bc\u4e86\u300c\u5927\u300d\u3002\u8c48\u6599\u9019\u5c40\u958b\u570d\u9ab0\uff0c\u8f38\u500b\u6e05\u5149\uff0c\u9084\u8ce0\u4e86\u4e00\u9ede\u3002\u4ed6\u5fc3\u751f\u4e0d\u5fff\uff0c\u5fc3\u60f3\u53ea\u8981\u501f\u9ede\u9322\u628a\u525b\u8ce0\u51fa\u53bb\u7684\u8cfa\u56de\u4f86\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u99ac\u4e0a\u6536\u624b\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u53c8\u8ce0\u500b\u6e05\u5149\u3002\u8ced\u5f92\u9023\u7e8c5\u5c40\u50e5\u5e78\u8d0f\u9322\u56fa\u7136\u98c4\u98c4\u7136\uff0c\u4f46\u96a8\u5f8c\u4e00\u5c40\u8ce0\u4e86\u4e9b\u9322\uff0c\u5728\u6015\u8f38\u5fc3\u7406\uff08loss aversion\uff09\u5f71\u97ff\u4e0b\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u8d0f\u56de\u4f86\u624d\u6536\u624b\u96e2\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5c55\u671b\u7406\u8ad6\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u96e3\u4ee5\u5fcd\u53d7\u640d\u5931\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u640d\u5931\u6108\u5927\uff0c\u6108\u50be\u5411\u5192\u96aa\uff08risk-seeking\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u5f37\u7a4d\u91d1\u6295\u8cc7\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f9b\u6b3e\u4eba\u50be\u5411\u9078\u64c7\u8f03\u9ad8\u98a8\u96aa\u7684\u6295\u8cc7\u7d44\u5408\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u85aa\u91d1\u88ab\u8feb\u653e\u9032\u5f37\u7a4d\u91d1\u6236\u53e3\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u9000\u4f11\u4e4b\u5f8c\u624d\u80fd\u53d6\u56de\uff0c\u5be6\u5728\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u640d\u5931\u3010\u8a3b1\u3011<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n \u73fe\u4eca\u793e\u6703\u9664\u4e86\u900f\u904e\u5fb5\u7a05\u652f\u6301\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52d9\u904b\u4f5c\u5916\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u6148\u5584\u670d\u52d9\u5718\u9ad4\u4ea6\u6703\u4ee5\u535a\u5f69\u70ba\u6536\u5165\u4f86\u6e90\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u6295\u8cc7\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u9019\u4e9b\u670d\u52d9\u88ab\u8a2d\u7acb\uff0c\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u5920\u4f7f\u7528\uff08\u5982\u570b\u9632\u3001\u6cbb\u5b89\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u65bc\u662f\u90fd\u50be\u5411\u7b49\u5f85\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u53bb\u6295\u8cc7\uff0c\u8b93\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u514d\u8cbb\u4eab\u7528\u670d\u52d9\u3002<\/p>\n \u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u81f3\u95dc\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u670d\u52d9\uff08\u5982\u6559\u80b2\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u56e0\u7121\u7de3\u4eab\u7528\u800c\u4e0d\u9858\u6295\u8cc7\u3002\u900f\u904e\u535a\u5f69\u6536\u5165\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u80fd\u5920\u5438\u5f15\u793e\u6703\u5927\u773e\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52d9\u63d0\u4f9b\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u71df\u904b\u8cc7\u91d1\u3002<\/p>\n \u81ea1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u958b\u59cb\u5f15\u9032\u548c\u8a2d\u7acb\u6a02\u900f\uff08Lotto\uff09\u70ba\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52d9\u7c4c\u52df\u90e8\u5206\u8cc7\u91d1\u3002\u52a0\u5dde\u57281984\u5e74\u8a2d\u7acb\u6709\u95dc\u8ced\u535a\u7684\u689d\u6b3e\uff08California State Lottery Act of 1984\uff09\uff0c2010\u5e74\u4f5c\u51fa\u4fee\u8a02\u5f8c\uff0c\u898f\u5b9a\u6700\u5c1187%\u535a\u5f69\u6536\u5165\u5fc5\u9808\u56de\u994b\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8cc7\u52a9\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u958b\u652f\u3002\u81ea1985\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u535a\u5f69\u5df2\u70ba\u7576\u5730\u516c\u7acb\u5b78\u6821\u7d2f\u8a08\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d85\u904e415\u5104\u7f8e\u5143\u3002<\/p>\n \u5728\u9999\u6e2f\uff0c\u8cfd\u99ac\u6703\u4f5c\u70ba\u6700\u5927\u7684\u535a\u5f69\u4e8b\u696d\u7d93\u71df\u8005\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u900f\u904e\u8cfd\u99ac\u6703\u6148\u5584\u4fe1\u8a17\u57fa\u91d1\u958b\u5c55\u516c\u76ca\u9805\u76ee\u548c\u8209\u8fa6\u6148\u5584\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u7d93\u71df\u8ced\u535a\u4e8b\u696d\u70ba\u516c\u5171\u6216\u6148\u5584\u670d\u52d9\u7c4c\u6b3e\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u5f9e\u884c\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u89d2\u5ea6\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u8b80\u3002\u4ee5\u6e2f\u4eba\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u516d\u5408\u5f69\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u6a02\u900f\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u535a\u5f69\u975e\u5e38\u7c21\u55ae\u6613\u660e\u3002\u516d\u5408\u5f69\u7684\u734e\u91d1\u6c60\uff08\u91d1\u591a\u5bf6\uff09\u7d2f\u7a4d\u6295\u6ce8\uff0c\u82e5\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u4e2d\u734e\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u7d2f\u7a4d\u81f3\u4e0b\u4e00\u671f\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u6709\u4eba\u4e2d\u734e\u3002<\/p>\n 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effect\uff09\u5206\u6790\uff1a\u5927\u773e\u63a5\u6536\u6709\u95dc\u516d\u5408\u5f69\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6642\uff0c\u53ea\u6703\u6536\u5230\u6709\u95dc\u734e\u91d1\u91d1\u984d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53c8\u6709\u4eba\u4e2d\u734e\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u3002\u5728\u8003\u616e\u662f\u5426\u6295\u6ce8\u6642\uff0c\u57fa\u65bc\u4e2d\u734e\u983b\u7387\u9ad8\u548c\u734e\u91d1\u91d1\u984d\u5927\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u4ea6\u6703\u4e2d\u734e\u3002\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7d93\u71df\u516d\u5408\u5f69\u80fd\u5920\u5e36\u4f86\u9f90\u5927\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u4e14\u8db3\u4ee5\u8cc7\u52a9\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6210\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n \u5728\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u4e0a\uff0c\u884c\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u5728\u8fd1\u5e74\u4ea6\u88ab\u5ee3\u6cdb\u61c9\u7528\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u300c\u8f15\u63a8\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\uff08Nudge 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