{"id":196897,"date":"2023-09-14T11:10:35","date_gmt":"2023-09-14T03:10:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/research\/thought-leadership\/all-theory-might-not-be-grey-but-the-golden-tree-of-actual-life-springs-ever-green\/"},"modified":"2023-09-14T11:19:12","modified_gmt":"2023-09-14T03:19:12","slug":"all-theory-might-not-be-grey-but-the-golden-tree-of-actual-life-springs-ever-green","status":"publish","type":"thought-leadership","link":"https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/tc\/research\/thought-leadership\/hkej-column\/all-theory-might-not-be-grey-but-the-golden-tree-of-actual-life-springs-ever-green\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7406\u8ad6\u672a\u5fc5\u7070\u8272 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dilemma\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u300c\u9ad8\u50f9\uff0c\u9ad8\u50f9\u300d\u7a31\u70ba\u5408\u4f5c\u96d9\u8d0f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u4f4e\u50f9\u300d\u5247\u70ba\u4e0d\u5408\u4f5c\u96d9\u8f38\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u7c3d\u7f72\u5408\u4f5c\u5354\u8b70\uff08\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u9019\u662f\u9055\u6cd5\u884c\u70ba\uff09\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u5be6\u73fe\u5408\u4f5c\u96d9\u8d0f\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u985e\u4f3c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u92b7\u552e\u50f9\u683c\u4fdd\u8b49\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u7532\u3001\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u901a\u904e\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u7684\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u9054\u5230\u5408\u4f5c\u96d9\u8d0f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u92b7\u552e\u4e2d\u63a1\u53d6\u9019\u7a2e\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u5373\u8868\u793a\u627f\u8afe\u4e00\u65e6\u9867\u5ba2\u767c\u73fe\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7522\u54c1\u50f9\u683c\u8f03\u4f4e\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u628a\u50f9\u683c\u76f8\u61c9\u8abf\u4f4e\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u8c8c\u4f3c\u4fdd\u969c\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u7684\u689d\u6587\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u9019\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u964d\u50f9\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4f55\u5728\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u82e5\u7532\u516c\u53f8\u5df2\u7d93\u63a1\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\uff08\u4e26\u63a1\u7d0d\u4e86\u9ad8\u50f9\uff09\uff0c\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u52d5\u6a5f\u9078\u64c7\u4f4e\u50f9\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u9078\u64c7\u9ad8\u50f9\u5c31\u662f\u5408\u4f5c\u96d9\u8d0f\uff0c\u82e5\u9078\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u5c0d\u65b9\u81ea\u52d5\u6703\u7d66\u9867\u5ba2\u964d\u50f9\uff0c\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u5c0d\u65b9\u5f9e\u9ad8\u50f9\u81ea\u52d5\u8b8a\u6210\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u300c\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u4f4e\u50f9\u300d\u7684\u96d9\u8f38\u5c40\u9762\u3002\u3010\u88682\u3011\u986f\u793a\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u63a1\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u6f64\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-196887\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2023-09-14-at-11.05.48-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"798\" height=\"167\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2023-09-14-at-11.05.48-AM.png 918w, https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2023-09-14-at-11.05.48-AM-300x63.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2023-09-14-at-11.05.48-AM-768x161.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5169\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u5c6c\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u7d93\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1b\u7121\u7368\u6709\u5076\uff0c\u92b7\u552e\u50f9\u683c\u4fdd\u8b49\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\u4e5f\u90fd\u9060\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528\uff01<\/p>\n<h5>\u6b21\u50f9\u62db\u6a19<\/h5>\n<p>\u62cd\u8ce3\u548c\u6295\u6a19\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7528\u9014\u3002\u62cd\u8ce3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u662f\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\uff08first-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002\u6295\u6a19\u8005\u5148\u628a\u51fa\u50f9\u5beb\u4e0b\u4f86\u905e\u4ea4\uff0c\u6210\u4ea4\u50f9\u662f\u52dd\u51fa\u8cb7\u5bb6\u6240\u5beb\u7684\u50f9\u9322\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u7a2e\u6295\u6a19\u904e\u7a0b\u76f8\u7576\u7c21\u55ae\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u96e3\u8655\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u50f9\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u9817\u8cbb\u601d\u91cf\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4ef6\u62cd\u8ce3\u54c1\uff0c\u82e5\u4f60\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9858\u4ed8\u50f9\u9322\uff08maximum willingness to pay\uff09\u662f100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4e26\u5982\u5be6\u586b\u5beb\uff0c\u4e2d\u6a19\u5f8c\u4f60\u96d6\u7136\u53d6\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u4ed8\u51fa100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4e00\u52a0\u4e00\u6e1b\uff0c\u7b49\u65bc\u767d\u5fd9\u4e86\u4e00\u8d9f\uff0c\u548c\u6c92\u6709\u53c3\u8207\u904e\u4e00\u6a23\uff01\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u51fa\u50f9\u61c9\u4f4e\u65bc100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u4f4e\u81f3\u54ea\u500b\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5247\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u6295\u6a19\u4eba\u6578\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u95dc\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1961\u5e74\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u7dad\u514b\u91cc\uff08William Vickery\uff09\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b0\u7a4e\u7684\u62db\u6a19\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8207\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u50f9\u9ad8\u8005\u5f97\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u52dd\u51fa\u8cb7\u5bb6\u6240\u4ed8\u7684\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6a19\u50f9\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u51fa\u50f9\uff1b\u6b64\u7a31\u70ba\u6b21\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\uff08second-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7dad\u514b\u91cc\u9084\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u9019\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u986f\u7684\u512a\u9ede\uff1a\u6295\u6a19\u8005\u53ea\u9808\u5982\u5be6\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u300c\u5982\u5be6\u5448\u5831\u300d\uff08truth 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\u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u92b7\u552e\u4e2d\u63a1\u53d6\u9019\u7a2e\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u5373\u8868\u793a\u627f\u8afe\u4e00\u65e6\u9867\u5ba2\u767c\u73fe\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7522\u54c1\u50f9\u683c\u8f03\u4f4e\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u628a\u50f9\u683c\u76f8\u61c9\u8abf\u4f4e\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u8c8c\u4f3c\u4fdd\u969c\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u7684\u689d\u6587\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u9019\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u964d\u50f9\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4f55\u5728\uff1f \u82e5\u7532\u516c\u53f8\u5df2\u7d93\u63a1\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\uff08\u4e26\u63a1\u7d0d\u4e86\u9ad8\u50f9\uff09\uff0c\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u52d5\u6a5f\u9078\u64c7\u4f4e\u50f9\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u9078\u64c7\u9ad8\u50f9\u5c31\u662f\u5408\u4f5c\u96d9\u8d0f\uff0c\u82e5\u9078\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u5c0d\u65b9\u81ea\u52d5\u6703\u7d66\u9867\u5ba2\u964d\u50f9\uff0c\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u5c0d\u65b9\u5f9e\u9ad8\u50f9\u81ea\u52d5\u8b8a\u6210\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u300c\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u4f4e\u50f9\u300d\u7684\u96d9\u8f38\u5c40\u9762\u3002\u3010\u88682\u3011\u986f\u793a\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u63a1\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u6f64\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u5169\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u5c6c\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u7d93\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1b\u7121\u7368\u6709\u5076\uff0c\u92b7\u552e\u50f9\u683c\u4fdd\u8b49\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\u4e5f\u90fd\u9060\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528\uff01 \u6b21\u50f9\u62db\u6a19 \u62cd\u8ce3\u548c\u6295\u6a19\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7528\u9014\u3002\u62cd\u8ce3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u662f\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\uff08first-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002\u6295\u6a19\u8005\u5148\u628a\u51fa\u50f9\u5beb\u4e0b\u4f86\u905e\u4ea4\uff0c\u6210\u4ea4\u50f9\u662f\u52dd\u51fa\u8cb7\u5bb6\u6240\u5beb\u7684\u50f9\u9322\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u6295\u6a19\u904e\u7a0b\u76f8\u7576\u7c21\u55ae\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u96e3\u8655\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u50f9\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u9817\u8cbb\u601d\u91cf\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4ef6\u62cd\u8ce3\u54c1\uff0c\u82e5\u4f60\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9858\u4ed8\u50f9\u9322\uff08maximum willingness to pay\uff09\u662f100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4e26\u5982\u5be6\u586b\u5beb\uff0c\u4e2d\u6a19\u5f8c\u4f60\u96d6\u7136\u53d6\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u4ed8\u51fa100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4e00\u52a0\u4e00\u6e1b\uff0c\u7b49\u65bc\u767d\u5fd9\u4e86\u4e00\u8d9f\uff0c\u548c\u6c92\u6709\u53c3\u8207\u904e\u4e00\u6a23\uff01\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u51fa\u50f9\u61c9\u4f4e\u65bc100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u4f4e\u81f3\u54ea\u500b\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5247\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u6295\u6a19\u4eba\u6578\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u95dc\u56e0\u7d20\u3002 1961\u5e74\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u7dad\u514b\u91cc\uff08William Vickery\uff09\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b0\u7a4e\u7684\u62db\u6a19\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8207\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u50f9\u9ad8\u8005\u5f97\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u52dd\u51fa\u8cb7\u5bb6\u6240\u4ed8\u7684\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6a19\u50f9\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u51fa\u50f9\uff1b\u6b64\u7a31\u70ba\u6b21\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\uff08second-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002 \u7dad\u514b\u91cc\u9084\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u9019\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u986f\u7684\u512a\u9ede\uff1a\u6295\u6a19\u8005\u53ea\u9808\u5982\u5be6\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u300c\u5982\u5be6\u5448\u5831\u300d\uff08truth telling\uff09\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u800c\u6bcb\u9808\u50cf\u5728\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\u4e2d\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u964d\u4f4e\u81ea\u5df1\u51fa\u50f9\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u800c\u5f97\u76ca\uff1b\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u9053\u7406\u5927\u81f4\u5982\u4e0b\u3002\u82e5\u4f60\u5982\u5be6\u51fa\u50f9\uff08\u4ee5M\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u6a19\u5f8c\u6240\u4ed8\u50f9\u9322\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6a19\u50f9\uff08\u4ee5X\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u76c8\u5229\u5c31\u662fM - X \uff1e0\u3002\u82e5\u4f60\u964d\u4f4e\u51fa\u50f9\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u6295\u4e0d\u5230\u62cd\u54c1\uff1b\u8981\u662f\u964d\u50f9\u5f8c\u6295\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f60\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4ed8\u51faX\uff0c\u76c8\u5229\u4f9d\u7136\u70baM 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\u57fa\u65bc\u92b7\u552e\u50f9\u683c\u4fdd\u8b49\u7684\u7d04\u675f\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u4e00\u65e6\u9055\u7d04\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u5411\u8cb7\u5bb6\u8ce0\u511f\uff0c\u6e1b\u50f9\u52d5\u6a5f\u81ea\u7136\u5927\u6e1b\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u552e\u50f9\u4fdd\u8b49\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u767c\u63ee\u52a0\u5f37\u516c\u53f8\u4fe1\u8b7d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u50f9\u683c\u4fdd\u8b49\u4e26\u975e\u53ea\u662f\u5411\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u512a\u5f85\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u76e3\u5bdf\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4f5c\u51fa\u77ed\u8996\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u6b64\u8209\u4e5f\u8a31\u61c9\u9a57\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff1a\u4e16\u4e0a\u6c92\u6709\u7121\u7de3\u7121\u6545\u7684\u611b\uff01 \u53c8\u4ee5\u300c\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\u300d\uff08meeting-competition clauses\uff09\u70ba\u4f8b\u3002\u5047\u8a2d\u5e02\u5834\u4e0a\u6709\u5169\u5bb6\u92b7\u552e\u985e\u4f3c\u7522\u54c1\u7684\u5be1\u982d\u767e\u8ca8\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u70ba\u65b9\u4fbf\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u50f9\u683c\u53ea\u6709\u9ad8\u4f4e\u4e4b\u5206\u3002\u3010\u88681\u3011\u986f\u793a\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u50f9\u683c\u7d44\u5408\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u5229\u6f64\u3002\u82e5\u96d9\u65b9\u5b9a\u50f9\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u5e73\u5206\u5e02\u5834\uff1b\u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u9ad8\u50f9\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u5c31\u6703\u6d41\u5411\u4f4e\u50f9\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u3002 \u5f9e\u7e3d\u9ad4\u5229\u76ca\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u7532\u3001\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6536\u9ad8\u50f9\u7576\u7136\u6700\u597d\uff08\u7e3d\u5229\u6f64\u70ba20\uff1b\u5404\u5f9710\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u81ea\u5229\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5c0d\u65b9\u600e\u6a23\u505a\uff0c\u6bcf\u9593\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6709\u52d5\u6a5f\u9078\u64c7\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u96d9\u65b9\u90fd\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u4f4e\u50f9\u300d\u9019\u500b\u7d44\u5408\u3002\u7136\u800c\u9019\u7d50\u679c\u986f\u7136\u4e0d\u5982\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7e3d\u5229\u6f64\u548c\u6bcf\u9593\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5229\u6f64\uff08\u5206\u5225\u70ba10\uff0c5\uff09\u5747\u4f4e\u65bc\u300c\u9ad8\u50f9\uff0c\u9ad8\u50f9\u300d\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u7d44\u5408\u3002\u7532\u4e59\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7d93\u5178\u7684\u300c\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u300d\uff08the prisoner&#039;s dilemma\uff09\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u300c\u9ad8\u50f9\uff0c\u9ad8\u50f9\u300d\u7a31\u70ba\u5408\u4f5c\u96d9\u8d0f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u4f4e\u50f9\u300d\u5247\u70ba\u4e0d\u5408\u4f5c\u96d9\u8f38\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u7c3d\u7f72\u5408\u4f5c\u5354\u8b70\uff08\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u9019\u662f\u9055\u6cd5\u884c\u70ba\uff09\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u5be6\u73fe\u5408\u4f5c\u96d9\u8d0f\uff1f \u985e\u4f3c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u92b7\u552e\u50f9\u683c\u4fdd\u8b49\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u7532\u3001\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u901a\u904e\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u7684\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u9054\u5230\u5408\u4f5c\u96d9\u8d0f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff01 \u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u92b7\u552e\u4e2d\u63a1\u53d6\u9019\u7a2e\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u5373\u8868\u793a\u627f\u8afe\u4e00\u65e6\u9867\u5ba2\u767c\u73fe\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7522\u54c1\u50f9\u683c\u8f03\u4f4e\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u628a\u50f9\u683c\u76f8\u61c9\u8abf\u4f4e\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u8c8c\u4f3c\u4fdd\u969c\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u7684\u689d\u6587\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u9019\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u964d\u50f9\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4f55\u5728\uff1f \u82e5\u7532\u516c\u53f8\u5df2\u7d93\u63a1\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\uff08\u4e26\u63a1\u7d0d\u4e86\u9ad8\u50f9\uff09\uff0c\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u52d5\u6a5f\u9078\u64c7\u4f4e\u50f9\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u9078\u64c7\u9ad8\u50f9\u5c31\u662f\u5408\u4f5c\u96d9\u8d0f\uff0c\u82e5\u9078\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u5c0d\u65b9\u81ea\u52d5\u6703\u7d66\u9867\u5ba2\u964d\u50f9\uff0c\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u5c0d\u65b9\u5f9e\u9ad8\u50f9\u81ea\u52d5\u8b8a\u6210\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u300c\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u4f4e\u50f9\u300d\u7684\u96d9\u8f38\u5c40\u9762\u3002\u3010\u88682\u3011\u986f\u793a\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u63a1\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u6f64\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u5169\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u5c6c\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u7d93\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1b\u7121\u7368\u6709\u5076\uff0c\u92b7\u552e\u50f9\u683c\u4fdd\u8b49\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\u4e5f\u90fd\u9060\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528\uff01 \u6b21\u50f9\u62db\u6a19 \u62cd\u8ce3\u548c\u6295\u6a19\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7528\u9014\u3002\u62cd\u8ce3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u662f\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\uff08first-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002\u6295\u6a19\u8005\u5148\u628a\u51fa\u50f9\u5beb\u4e0b\u4f86\u905e\u4ea4\uff0c\u6210\u4ea4\u50f9\u662f\u52dd\u51fa\u8cb7\u5bb6\u6240\u5beb\u7684\u50f9\u9322\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u6295\u6a19\u904e\u7a0b\u76f8\u7576\u7c21\u55ae\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u96e3\u8655\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u50f9\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u9817\u8cbb\u601d\u91cf\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4ef6\u62cd\u8ce3\u54c1\uff0c\u82e5\u4f60\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9858\u4ed8\u50f9\u9322\uff08maximum willingness to pay\uff09\u662f100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4e26\u5982\u5be6\u586b\u5beb\uff0c\u4e2d\u6a19\u5f8c\u4f60\u96d6\u7136\u53d6\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u4ed8\u51fa100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4e00\u52a0\u4e00\u6e1b\uff0c\u7b49\u65bc\u767d\u5fd9\u4e86\u4e00\u8d9f\uff0c\u548c\u6c92\u6709\u53c3\u8207\u904e\u4e00\u6a23\uff01\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u51fa\u50f9\u61c9\u4f4e\u65bc100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u4f4e\u81f3\u54ea\u500b\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5247\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u6295\u6a19\u4eba\u6578\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u95dc\u56e0\u7d20\u3002 1961\u5e74\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u7dad\u514b\u91cc\uff08William Vickery\uff09\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b0\u7a4e\u7684\u62db\u6a19\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8207\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u50f9\u9ad8\u8005\u5f97\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u52dd\u51fa\u8cb7\u5bb6\u6240\u4ed8\u7684\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6a19\u50f9\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u51fa\u50f9\uff1b\u6b64\u7a31\u70ba\u6b21\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\uff08second-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002 \u7dad\u514b\u91cc\u9084\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u9019\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u986f\u7684\u512a\u9ede\uff1a\u6295\u6a19\u8005\u53ea\u9808\u5982\u5be6\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u300c\u5982\u5be6\u5448\u5831\u300d\uff08truth telling\uff09\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u800c\u6bcb\u9808\u50cf\u5728\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\u4e2d\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u964d\u4f4e\u81ea\u5df1\u51fa\u50f9\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u800c\u5f97\u76ca\uff1b\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u9053\u7406\u5927\u81f4\u5982\u4e0b\u3002\u82e5\u4f60\u5982\u5be6\u51fa\u50f9\uff08\u4ee5M\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u6a19\u5f8c\u6240\u4ed8\u50f9\u9322\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6a19\u50f9\uff08\u4ee5X\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u76c8\u5229\u5c31\u662fM - X \uff1e0\u3002\u82e5\u4f60\u964d\u4f4e\u51fa\u50f9\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u6295\u4e0d\u5230\u62cd\u54c1\uff1b\u8981\u662f\u964d\u50f9\u5f8c\u6295\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f60\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4ed8\u51faX\uff0c\u76c8\u5229\u4f9d\u7136\u70baM -X\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u51fa\u50f9\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u4e2d\u6a19\u5f8c\u7684\u76c8\u5229\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u53ef\u80fd\u964d\u4f4e\u52dd\u51fa\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u51fa\u50f9\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u5229\u53ef\u5716\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u300c\u5982\u5be6\u5448\u5831\u300d\u624d\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u7b56\u7565\u3002 \u6b21\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\u96d6\u7136\u770b\u4f86\u6709\u9ede\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u512a\u9ede\u6975\u5927\u3002\u7dad\u514b\u91cc\u4ea6\u56e0\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u800c\u540d\u805e\u5929\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u9084\u62ff\u4e86\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\uff01 \u521d\u6b21\u807d\u805e\u6b21\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\u7684\u8b80\u8005\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u4f69\u670d\u767c\u660e\u4eba\u7684\u8d85\u51e1\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u3002\u7136\u800c\u771f\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u66f4\u5bcc\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\uff01\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u62db\u6a19\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u5546\u754c\u5df2\u7d93\u6cbf\u7528\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u57281893\u5e74\uff0c\u5c31\u5df2\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u96c6\u90f5\u754c\u3002 \u64da\u8aaa\u57281797\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u570b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u6b4c\u5fb7\u901a\u904e\u6b21\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\u6210\u529f\u8ce3\u51fa\u4e00\u4efd\u624b\u7a3f\u3002\u5091\u51fa\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u5177\u5275\u610f\u7684\u767c\u660e\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u53ef\u8b02\u66f4\u591a\u59ff\u591a\u91c7\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u6642\u5019\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u767c\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u5c0d\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u7e3d\u7d50\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u6b4c\u5fb7\u6709\u53e5\u540d\u8a00\uff1a\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u7070\u8272\u7684\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u6a39\u5e38\u9752\u300d\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u4e0d\u59a8\u5728\u9019\u88cf\u7a0d\u52a0\u4fee\u6539\uff1a\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u672a\u5fc5\u4e00\u5b9a\u7070\u8272\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u6a39\u5247\u78ba\u5be6\u5e38\u9752\u300d\uff01 \u8d99\u8000\u83ef\u535a\u58eb \u6e2f\u5927\u7d93\u7ba1\u5b78\u9662\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u69ae\u8b7d\u526f\u6559\u6388 \uff08\u672c\u6587\u540c\u6642\u65bc\u4e8c\u96f6\u4e8c\u4e09\u5e74\u4e5d\u6708\u5341\u4e09\u65e5\u8f09\u65bc\u300a\u4fe1\u5831\u300b\u300c\u9f8d\u864e\u5c71\u4e0b\u300d\u5c08\u6b04\uff09\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/tc\/research\/thought-leadership\/hkej-column\/all-theory-might-not-be-grey-but-the-golden-tree-of-actual-life-springs-ever-green\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-09-14T03:10:35+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-09-14T03:19:12+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"\u7406\u8ad6\u672a\u5fc5\u7070\u8272 \u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u6a39\u9577\u9752 - HKU Business School\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"\u524d\u4e0d\u4e45\u9999\u6e2f\u767c\u751f\u4e00\u5b97\u547d\u6848\uff0c\u5176\u99ed\u4eba\u807d\u805e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u4e0b\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u7d93\u5178\u9a5a\u6144\u7247\u3002\u624d\u83ef\u6eff\u6ea2\u3001\u8cc7\u91d1\u8c50\u539a\u7684\u96fb\u5f71\u88fd\u4f5c\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u7d5e\u76e1\u8166\u6c41\uff0c\u5176\u5275\u4f5c\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u771f\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u5947\u7570\u7cbe\u91c7\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u6642\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u5f9e\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u627e\u5c0b\u7368\u7279\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u7d93\u6574\u7406\u92ea\u9673\u5f8c\u5448\u73fe\u65bc\u89c0\u773e\u773c\u524d\u3002\u89c0\u773e\u89ba\u5f97\u53ef\u89c0\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0d\u66fe\u7d93\u6b77\u7684\u65b0\u9bae\u611f\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u624d\u662f\u96fb\u5f71\u7cbe\u91c7\u60c5\u7bc0\u7684\u6cc9\u6e90\u3002 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clauses\uff09\u70ba\u4f8b\u3002\u5047\u8a2d\u5e02\u5834\u4e0a\u6709\u5169\u5bb6\u92b7\u552e\u985e\u4f3c\u7522\u54c1\u7684\u5be1\u982d\u767e\u8ca8\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u70ba\u65b9\u4fbf\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u50f9\u683c\u53ea\u6709\u9ad8\u4f4e\u4e4b\u5206\u3002\u3010\u88681\u3011\u986f\u793a\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u50f9\u683c\u7d44\u5408\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u5229\u6f64\u3002\u82e5\u96d9\u65b9\u5b9a\u50f9\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u5e73\u5206\u5e02\u5834\uff1b\u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u9ad8\u50f9\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u5c31\u6703\u6d41\u5411\u4f4e\u50f9\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u3002 \u5f9e\u7e3d\u9ad4\u5229\u76ca\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u7532\u3001\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6536\u9ad8\u50f9\u7576\u7136\u6700\u597d\uff08\u7e3d\u5229\u6f64\u70ba20\uff1b\u5404\u5f9710\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u81ea\u5229\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5c0d\u65b9\u600e\u6a23\u505a\uff0c\u6bcf\u9593\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6709\u52d5\u6a5f\u9078\u64c7\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u96d9\u65b9\u90fd\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u4f4e\u50f9\u300d\u9019\u500b\u7d44\u5408\u3002\u7136\u800c\u9019\u7d50\u679c\u986f\u7136\u4e0d\u5982\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7e3d\u5229\u6f64\u548c\u6bcf\u9593\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5229\u6f64\uff08\u5206\u5225\u70ba10\uff0c5\uff09\u5747\u4f4e\u65bc\u300c\u9ad8\u50f9\uff0c\u9ad8\u50f9\u300d\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u7d44\u5408\u3002\u7532\u4e59\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7d93\u5178\u7684\u300c\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u300d\uff08the prisoner&#039;s dilemma\uff09\u3002 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\u5f9e\u7e3d\u9ad4\u5229\u76ca\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u7532\u3001\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6536\u9ad8\u50f9\u7576\u7136\u6700\u597d\uff08\u7e3d\u5229\u6f64\u70ba20\uff1b\u5404\u5f9710\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u81ea\u5229\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5c0d\u65b9\u600e\u6a23\u505a\uff0c\u6bcf\u9593\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6709\u52d5\u6a5f\u9078\u64c7\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u96d9\u65b9\u90fd\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u4f4e\u50f9\u300d\u9019\u500b\u7d44\u5408\u3002\u7136\u800c\u9019\u7d50\u679c\u986f\u7136\u4e0d\u5982\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7e3d\u5229\u6f64\u548c\u6bcf\u9593\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5229\u6f64\uff08\u5206\u5225\u70ba10\uff0c5\uff09\u5747\u4f4e\u65bc\u300c\u9ad8\u50f9\uff0c\u9ad8\u50f9\u300d\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u7d44\u5408\u3002\u7532\u4e59\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7d93\u5178\u7684\u300c\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u300d\uff08the prisoner's dilemma\uff09\u3002 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\u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u92b7\u552e\u4e2d\u63a1\u53d6\u9019\u7a2e\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u5373\u8868\u793a\u627f\u8afe\u4e00\u65e6\u9867\u5ba2\u767c\u73fe\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7522\u54c1\u50f9\u683c\u8f03\u4f4e\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u628a\u50f9\u683c\u76f8\u61c9\u8abf\u4f4e\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u8c8c\u4f3c\u4fdd\u969c\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u7684\u689d\u6587\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u9019\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u964d\u50f9\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4f55\u5728\uff1f \u82e5\u7532\u516c\u53f8\u5df2\u7d93\u63a1\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\uff08\u4e26\u63a1\u7d0d\u4e86\u9ad8\u50f9\uff09\uff0c\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u52d5\u6a5f\u9078\u64c7\u4f4e\u50f9\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u9078\u64c7\u9ad8\u50f9\u5c31\u662f\u5408\u4f5c\u96d9\u8d0f\uff0c\u82e5\u9078\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u5c0d\u65b9\u81ea\u52d5\u6703\u7d66\u9867\u5ba2\u964d\u50f9\uff0c\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u5c0d\u65b9\u5f9e\u9ad8\u50f9\u81ea\u52d5\u8b8a\u6210\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u300c\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u4f4e\u50f9\u300d\u7684\u96d9\u8f38\u5c40\u9762\u3002\u3010\u88682\u3011\u986f\u793a\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u63a1\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u6f64\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u5169\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u5c6c\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u7d93\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1b\u7121\u7368\u6709\u5076\uff0c\u92b7\u552e\u50f9\u683c\u4fdd\u8b49\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\u4e5f\u90fd\u9060\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528\uff01 \u6b21\u50f9\u62db\u6a19 \u62cd\u8ce3\u548c\u6295\u6a19\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7528\u9014\u3002\u62cd\u8ce3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u662f\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\uff08first-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002\u6295\u6a19\u8005\u5148\u628a\u51fa\u50f9\u5beb\u4e0b\u4f86\u905e\u4ea4\uff0c\u6210\u4ea4\u50f9\u662f\u52dd\u51fa\u8cb7\u5bb6\u6240\u5beb\u7684\u50f9\u9322\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u6295\u6a19\u904e\u7a0b\u76f8\u7576\u7c21\u55ae\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u96e3\u8655\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u50f9\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u9817\u8cbb\u601d\u91cf\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4ef6\u62cd\u8ce3\u54c1\uff0c\u82e5\u4f60\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9858\u4ed8\u50f9\u9322\uff08maximum willingness to pay\uff09\u662f100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4e26\u5982\u5be6\u586b\u5beb\uff0c\u4e2d\u6a19\u5f8c\u4f60\u96d6\u7136\u53d6\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u4ed8\u51fa100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4e00\u52a0\u4e00\u6e1b\uff0c\u7b49\u65bc\u767d\u5fd9\u4e86\u4e00\u8d9f\uff0c\u548c\u6c92\u6709\u53c3\u8207\u904e\u4e00\u6a23\uff01\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u51fa\u50f9\u61c9\u4f4e\u65bc100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u4f4e\u81f3\u54ea\u500b\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5247\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u6295\u6a19\u4eba\u6578\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u95dc\u56e0\u7d20\u3002 1961\u5e74\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u7dad\u514b\u91cc\uff08William Vickery\uff09\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b0\u7a4e\u7684\u62db\u6a19\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8207\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u50f9\u9ad8\u8005\u5f97\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u52dd\u51fa\u8cb7\u5bb6\u6240\u4ed8\u7684\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6a19\u50f9\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u51fa\u50f9\uff1b\u6b64\u7a31\u70ba\u6b21\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\uff08second-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002 \u7dad\u514b\u91cc\u9084\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u9019\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u986f\u7684\u512a\u9ede\uff1a\u6295\u6a19\u8005\u53ea\u9808\u5982\u5be6\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u300c\u5982\u5be6\u5448\u5831\u300d\uff08truth telling\uff09\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u800c\u6bcb\u9808\u50cf\u5728\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\u4e2d\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u964d\u4f4e\u81ea\u5df1\u51fa\u50f9\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u800c\u5f97\u76ca\uff1b\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u9053\u7406\u5927\u81f4\u5982\u4e0b\u3002\u82e5\u4f60\u5982\u5be6\u51fa\u50f9\uff08\u4ee5M\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u6a19\u5f8c\u6240\u4ed8\u50f9\u9322\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6a19\u50f9\uff08\u4ee5X\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u76c8\u5229\u5c31\u662fM - X \uff1e0\u3002\u82e5\u4f60\u964d\u4f4e\u51fa\u50f9\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u6295\u4e0d\u5230\u62cd\u54c1\uff1b\u8981\u662f\u964d\u50f9\u5f8c\u6295\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f60\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4ed8\u51faX\uff0c\u76c8\u5229\u4f9d\u7136\u70baM 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School","twitter:description":"\u524d\u4e0d\u4e45\u9999\u6e2f\u767c\u751f\u4e00\u5b97\u547d\u6848\uff0c\u5176\u99ed\u4eba\u807d\u805e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u4e0b\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u7d93\u5178\u9a5a\u6144\u7247\u3002\u624d\u83ef\u6eff\u6ea2\u3001\u8cc7\u91d1\u8c50\u539a\u7684\u96fb\u5f71\u88fd\u4f5c\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u7d5e\u76e1\u8166\u6c41\uff0c\u5176\u5275\u4f5c\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u771f\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u5947\u7570\u7cbe\u91c7\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u6642\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u5f9e\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u627e\u5c0b\u7368\u7279\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u7d93\u6574\u7406\u92ea\u9673\u5f8c\u5448\u73fe\u65bc\u89c0\u773e\u773c\u524d\u3002\u89c0\u773e\u89ba\u5f97\u53ef\u89c0\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0d\u66fe\u7d93\u6b77\u7684\u65b0\u9bae\u611f\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u624d\u662f\u96fb\u5f71\u7cbe\u91c7\u60c5\u7bc0\u7684\u6cc9\u6e90\u3002 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clauses\uff09\u70ba\u4f8b\u3002\u5047\u8a2d\u5e02\u5834\u4e0a\u6709\u5169\u5bb6\u92b7\u552e\u985e\u4f3c\u7522\u54c1\u7684\u5be1\u982d\u767e\u8ca8\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u70ba\u65b9\u4fbf\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u50f9\u683c\u53ea\u6709\u9ad8\u4f4e\u4e4b\u5206\u3002\u3010\u88681\u3011\u986f\u793a\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u50f9\u683c\u7d44\u5408\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u5229\u6f64\u3002\u82e5\u96d9\u65b9\u5b9a\u50f9\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u5e73\u5206\u5e02\u5834\uff1b\u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u9ad8\u50f9\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u5c31\u6703\u6d41\u5411\u4f4e\u50f9\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u3002 \u5f9e\u7e3d\u9ad4\u5229\u76ca\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u7532\u3001\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6536\u9ad8\u50f9\u7576\u7136\u6700\u597d\uff08\u7e3d\u5229\u6f64\u70ba20\uff1b\u5404\u5f9710\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u81ea\u5229\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5c0d\u65b9\u600e\u6a23\u505a\uff0c\u6bcf\u9593\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6709\u52d5\u6a5f\u9078\u64c7\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u96d9\u65b9\u90fd\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u4f4e\u50f9\u300d\u9019\u500b\u7d44\u5408\u3002\u7136\u800c\u9019\u7d50\u679c\u986f\u7136\u4e0d\u5982\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7e3d\u5229\u6f64\u548c\u6bcf\u9593\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5229\u6f64\uff08\u5206\u5225\u70ba10\uff0c5\uff09\u5747\u4f4e\u65bc\u300c\u9ad8\u50f9\uff0c\u9ad8\u50f9\u300d\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u7d44\u5408\u3002\u7532\u4e59\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7d93\u5178\u7684\u300c\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u300d\uff08the prisoner's dilemma\uff09\u3002 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\u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u92b7\u552e\u4e2d\u63a1\u53d6\u9019\u7a2e\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u5373\u8868\u793a\u627f\u8afe\u4e00\u65e6\u9867\u5ba2\u767c\u73fe\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7522\u54c1\u50f9\u683c\u8f03\u4f4e\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u628a\u50f9\u683c\u76f8\u61c9\u8abf\u4f4e\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u8c8c\u4f3c\u4fdd\u969c\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u7684\u689d\u6587\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u9019\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u964d\u50f9\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4f55\u5728\uff1f \u82e5\u7532\u516c\u53f8\u5df2\u7d93\u63a1\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\uff08\u4e26\u63a1\u7d0d\u4e86\u9ad8\u50f9\uff09\uff0c\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u52d5\u6a5f\u9078\u64c7\u4f4e\u50f9\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u9078\u64c7\u9ad8\u50f9\u5c31\u662f\u5408\u4f5c\u96d9\u8d0f\uff0c\u82e5\u9078\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u5c0d\u65b9\u81ea\u52d5\u6703\u7d66\u9867\u5ba2\u964d\u50f9\uff0c\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u5c0d\u65b9\u5f9e\u9ad8\u50f9\u81ea\u52d5\u8b8a\u6210\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u300c\u4f4e\u50f9\uff0c\u4f4e\u50f9\u300d\u7684\u96d9\u8f38\u5c40\u9762\u3002\u3010\u88682\u3011\u986f\u793a\u5169\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u63a1\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u6f64\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u5169\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u5c6c\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u7d93\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1b\u7121\u7368\u6709\u5076\uff0c\u92b7\u552e\u50f9\u683c\u4fdd\u8b49\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u7af6\u722d\u689d\u6b3e\u4e5f\u90fd\u9060\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528\uff01 \u6b21\u50f9\u62db\u6a19 \u62cd\u8ce3\u548c\u6295\u6a19\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7528\u9014\u3002\u62cd\u8ce3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u662f\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\uff08first-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002\u6295\u6a19\u8005\u5148\u628a\u51fa\u50f9\u5beb\u4e0b\u4f86\u905e\u4ea4\uff0c\u6210\u4ea4\u50f9\u662f\u52dd\u51fa\u8cb7\u5bb6\u6240\u5beb\u7684\u50f9\u9322\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u6295\u6a19\u904e\u7a0b\u76f8\u7576\u7c21\u55ae\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u96e3\u8655\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u50f9\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u9817\u8cbb\u601d\u91cf\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4ef6\u62cd\u8ce3\u54c1\uff0c\u82e5\u4f60\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9858\u4ed8\u50f9\u9322\uff08maximum willingness to pay\uff09\u662f100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4e26\u5982\u5be6\u586b\u5beb\uff0c\u4e2d\u6a19\u5f8c\u4f60\u96d6\u7136\u53d6\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u4ed8\u51fa100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4e00\u52a0\u4e00\u6e1b\uff0c\u7b49\u65bc\u767d\u5fd9\u4e86\u4e00\u8d9f\uff0c\u548c\u6c92\u6709\u53c3\u8207\u904e\u4e00\u6a23\uff01\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u51fa\u50f9\u61c9\u4f4e\u65bc100\u842c\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u4f4e\u81f3\u54ea\u500b\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5247\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u6295\u6a19\u4eba\u6578\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u95dc\u56e0\u7d20\u3002 1961\u5e74\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u7dad\u514b\u91cc\uff08William Vickery\uff09\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b0\u7a4e\u7684\u62db\u6a19\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8207\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u50f9\u9ad8\u8005\u5f97\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u52dd\u51fa\u8cb7\u5bb6\u6240\u4ed8\u7684\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6a19\u50f9\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u51fa\u50f9\uff1b\u6b64\u7a31\u70ba\u6b21\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\uff08second-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002 \u7dad\u514b\u91cc\u9084\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u9019\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u986f\u7684\u512a\u9ede\uff1a\u6295\u6a19\u8005\u53ea\u9808\u5982\u5be6\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u300c\u5982\u5be6\u5448\u5831\u300d\uff08truth telling\uff09\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u800c\u6bcb\u9808\u50cf\u5728\u9996\u50f9\u62db\u6a19\u4e2d\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u964d\u4f4e\u81ea\u5df1\u51fa\u50f9\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u800c\u5f97\u76ca\uff1b\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u9053\u7406\u5927\u81f4\u5982\u4e0b\u3002\u82e5\u4f60\u5982\u5be6\u51fa\u50f9\uff08\u4ee5M\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u6a19\u5f8c\u6240\u4ed8\u50f9\u9322\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6a19\u50f9\uff08\u4ee5X\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u76c8\u5229\u5c31\u662fM - X \uff1e0\u3002\u82e5\u4f60\u964d\u4f4e\u51fa\u50f9\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u6295\u4e0d\u5230\u62cd\u54c1\uff1b\u8981\u662f\u964d\u50f9\u5f8c\u6295\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f60\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4ed8\u51faX\uff0c\u76c8\u5229\u4f9d\u7136\u70baM 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