{"id":196898,"date":"2023-09-14T11:10:35","date_gmt":"2023-09-14T03:10:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/research\/thought-leadership\/all-theory-might-not-be-grey-but-the-golden-tree-of-actual-life-springs-ever-green\/"},"modified":"2023-09-14T11:18:35","modified_gmt":"2023-09-14T03:18:35","slug":"all-theory-might-not-be-grey-but-the-golden-tree-of-actual-life-springs-ever-green","status":"publish","type":"thought-leadership","link":"https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/sc\/research\/thought-leadership\/hkej-column\/all-theory-might-not-be-grey-but-the-golden-tree-of-actual-life-springs-ever-green\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7406\u8bba\u672a\u5fc5\u7070\u8272 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\u3010\u88682\u3011\u663e\u793a\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-196905\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2023-09-14-at-11.13.05-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"802\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2023-09-14-at-11.13.05-AM.png 920w, https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2023-09-14-at-11.13.05-AM-300x66.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2023-09-14-at-11.13.05-AM-768x169.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 802px) 100vw, 802px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u5c5e\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7ecf\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1b\u65e0\u72ec\u6709\u5076\uff0c\u9500\u552e\u4ef7\u683c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\u4e5f\u90fd\u8fdc\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528\uff01<\/p>\n<h5>\u6b21\u4ef7\u62db\u6807<\/h5>\n<p>\u62cd\u5356\u548c\u6295\u6807\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7528\u9014\u3002\u62cd\u5356\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u662f\u9996\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\uff08first-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002\u6295\u6807\u8005\u5148\u628a\u51fa\u4ef7\u5199\u4e0b\u6765\u9012\u4ea4\uff0c\u6210\u4ea4\u4ef7\u662f\u80dc\u51fa\u4e70\u5bb6\u6240\u5199\u7684\u4ef7\u94b1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u6295\u6807\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u5f53\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u5904\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u4ef7\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u9887\u8d39\u601d\u91cf\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67d0\u4ef6\u62cd\u5356\u54c1\uff0c\u82e5\u4f60\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u613f\u4ed8\u4ef7\u94b1\uff08maximum willingness to pay\uff09\u662f100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u5e76\u5982\u5b9e\u586b\u5199\uff0c\u4e2d\u6807\u540e\u4f60\u867d\u7136\u53d6\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u4ed8\u51fa100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u4e00\u52a0\u4e00\u51cf\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u767d\u5fd9\u4e86\u4e00\u8d9f\uff0c\u548c\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fc7\u4e00\u6837\uff01\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u51fa\u4ef7\u5e94\u4f4e\u4e8e100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u4f4e\u81f3\u54ea\u4e2a\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5219\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6295\u6807\u4eba\u6570\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u5173\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1961\u5e74\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ef4\u514b\u91cc\uff08William Vickery\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u62db\u6807\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9996\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ef7\u9ad8\u8005\u5f97\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u80dc\u51fa\u4e70\u5bb6\u6240\u4ed8\u7684\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6807\u4ef7\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u51fa\u4ef7\uff1b\u6b64\u79f0\u4e3a\u6b21\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\uff08second-price sealed-bid auction \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ef4\u514b\u91cc\u8fd8\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\uff1a\u6295\u6807\u8005\u53ea\u987b\u5982\u5b9e\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u300c\u5982\u5b9e\u5448\u62a5\u300d\uff08truth 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\u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u9500\u552e\u4e2d\u91c7\u53d6\u8fd9\u79cd\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5373\u8868\u793a\u627f\u8bfa\u4e00\u65e6\u987e\u5ba2\u53d1\u73b0\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u628a\u4ef7\u683c\u76f8\u5e94\u8c03\u4f4e\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8c8c\u4f3c\u4fdd\u969c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u7684\u6761\u6587\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u964d\u4ef7\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4f55\u5728\uff1f \u82e5\u7532\u516c\u53f8\u5df2\u7ecf\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\uff08\u5e76\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u9ad8\u4ef7\uff09\uff0c\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u52a8\u673a\u9009\u62e9\u4f4e\u4ef7\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u9009\u62e9\u9ad8\u4ef7\u5c31\u662f\u5408\u4f5c\u53cc\u8d62\uff0c\u82e5\u9009\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u5bf9\u65b9\u81ea\u52a8\u4f1a\u7ed9\u987e\u5ba2\u964d\u4ef7\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5bf9\u65b9\u4ece\u9ad8\u4ef7\u81ea\u52a8\u53d8\u6210\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u300c\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u4f4e\u4ef7\u300d\u7684\u53cc\u8f93\u5c40\u9762\u3002 \u3010\u88682\u3011\u663e\u793a\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u5c5e\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7ecf\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1b\u65e0\u72ec\u6709\u5076\uff0c\u9500\u552e\u4ef7\u683c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\u4e5f\u90fd\u8fdc\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528\uff01 \u6b21\u4ef7\u62db\u6807 \u62cd\u5356\u548c\u6295\u6807\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7528\u9014\u3002\u62cd\u5356\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u662f\u9996\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\uff08first-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002\u6295\u6807\u8005\u5148\u628a\u51fa\u4ef7\u5199\u4e0b\u6765\u9012\u4ea4\uff0c\u6210\u4ea4\u4ef7\u662f\u80dc\u51fa\u4e70\u5bb6\u6240\u5199\u7684\u4ef7\u94b1\u3002 \u8fd9\u79cd\u6295\u6807\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u5f53\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u5904\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u4ef7\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u9887\u8d39\u601d\u91cf\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67d0\u4ef6\u62cd\u5356\u54c1\uff0c\u82e5\u4f60\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u613f\u4ed8\u4ef7\u94b1\uff08maximum willingness to pay\uff09\u662f100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u5e76\u5982\u5b9e\u586b\u5199\uff0c\u4e2d\u6807\u540e\u4f60\u867d\u7136\u53d6\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u4ed8\u51fa100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u4e00\u52a0\u4e00\u51cf\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u767d\u5fd9\u4e86\u4e00\u8d9f\uff0c\u548c\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fc7\u4e00\u6837\uff01\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u51fa\u4ef7\u5e94\u4f4e\u4e8e100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u4f4e\u81f3\u54ea\u4e2a\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5219\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6295\u6807\u4eba\u6570\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u5173\u56e0\u7d20\u3002 1961\u5e74\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ef4\u514b\u91cc\uff08William Vickery\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u62db\u6807\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9996\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ef7\u9ad8\u8005\u5f97\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u80dc\u51fa\u4e70\u5bb6\u6240\u4ed8\u7684\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6807\u4ef7\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u51fa\u4ef7\uff1b\u6b64\u79f0\u4e3a\u6b21\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\uff08second-price sealed-bid auction \uff09\u3002 \u7ef4\u514b\u91cc\u8fd8\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\uff1a\u6295\u6807\u8005\u53ea\u987b\u5982\u5b9e\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u300c\u5982\u5b9e\u5448\u62a5\u300d\uff08truth telling\uff09\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u800c\u6bcb\u987b\u50cf\u5728\u9996\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\u4e2d\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u964d\u4f4e\u81ea\u5df1\u51fa\u4ef7\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u800c\u5f97\u76ca\uff1b\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u9053\u7406\u5927\u81f4\u5982\u4e0b\u3002\u82e5\u4f60\u5982\u5b9e\u51fa\u4ef7\uff08\u4ee5M\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u6807\u540e\u6240\u4ed8\u4ef7\u94b1\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6807\u4ef7\uff08\u4ee5X\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u76c8\u5229\u5c31\u662fM - X \uff1e0\u3002\u82e5\u4f60\u964d\u4f4e\u51fa\u4ef7\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u6295\u4e0d\u5230\u62cd\u54c1\uff1b\u8981\u662f\u964d\u4ef7\u540e\u6295\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f60\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4ed8\u51faX\uff0c\u76c8\u5229\u4f9d\u7136\u4e3aM 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clauses\uff09\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u6709\u4e24\u5bb6\u9500\u552e\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5be1\u5934\u767e\u8d27\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4e3a\u65b9\u4fbf\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u53ea\u6709\u9ad8\u4f4e\u4e4b\u5206\u3002 \u3010\u88681\u3011\u663e\u793a\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u4ef7\u683c\u7ec4\u5408\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002\u82e5\u53cc\u65b9\u5b9a\u4ef7\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u5e73\u5206\u5e02\u573a\uff1b\u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u9ad8\u4ef7\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5c31\u4f1a\u6d41\u5411\u4f4e\u4ef7\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u3002 \u4ece\u603b\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7532\u3001\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6536\u9ad8\u4ef7\u5f53\u7136\u6700\u597d\uff08\u603b\u5229\u6da6\u4e3a20\uff1b\u5404\u5f9710\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u5229\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u65b9\u600e\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u6bcf\u95f4\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6709\u52a8\u673a\u9009\u62e9\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u300c\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u4f4e\u4ef7\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u5982\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u603b\u5229\u6da6\u548c\u6bcf\u95f4\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5229\u6da6\uff08\u5206\u522b\u4e3a10\uff0c5\uff09\u5747\u4f4e\u4e8e\u300c\u9ad8\u4ef7\uff0c\u9ad8\u4ef7\u300d\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u7532\u4e59\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5904\u5883\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u300c\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u300d\uff08the prisoner&#039;s dilemma\uff09\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u300c\u9ad8\u4ef7\uff0c\u9ad8\u4ef7\u300d\u79f0\u4e3a\u5408\u4f5c\u53cc\u8d62\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u4f4e\u4ef7\u300d\u5219\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5408\u4f5c\u53cc\u8f93\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u5408\u4f5c\u534f\u8bae\uff08\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u8fd9\u662f\u8fdd\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u5408\u4f5c\u53cc\u8d62\uff1f \u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9500\u552e\u4ef7\u683c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u7532\u3001\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u901a\u8fc7\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u5408\u4f5c\u53cc\u8d62\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff01 \u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u9500\u552e\u4e2d\u91c7\u53d6\u8fd9\u79cd\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5373\u8868\u793a\u627f\u8bfa\u4e00\u65e6\u987e\u5ba2\u53d1\u73b0\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u628a\u4ef7\u683c\u76f8\u5e94\u8c03\u4f4e\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8c8c\u4f3c\u4fdd\u969c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u7684\u6761\u6587\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u964d\u4ef7\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4f55\u5728\uff1f \u82e5\u7532\u516c\u53f8\u5df2\u7ecf\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\uff08\u5e76\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u9ad8\u4ef7\uff09\uff0c\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u52a8\u673a\u9009\u62e9\u4f4e\u4ef7\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u9009\u62e9\u9ad8\u4ef7\u5c31\u662f\u5408\u4f5c\u53cc\u8d62\uff0c\u82e5\u9009\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u5bf9\u65b9\u81ea\u52a8\u4f1a\u7ed9\u987e\u5ba2\u964d\u4ef7\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5bf9\u65b9\u4ece\u9ad8\u4ef7\u81ea\u52a8\u53d8\u6210\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u300c\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u4f4e\u4ef7\u300d\u7684\u53cc\u8f93\u5c40\u9762\u3002 \u3010\u88682\u3011\u663e\u793a\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u5c5e\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7ecf\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1b\u65e0\u72ec\u6709\u5076\uff0c\u9500\u552e\u4ef7\u683c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\u4e5f\u90fd\u8fdc\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528\uff01 \u6b21\u4ef7\u62db\u6807 \u62cd\u5356\u548c\u6295\u6807\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7528\u9014\u3002\u62cd\u5356\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u662f\u9996\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\uff08first-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002\u6295\u6807\u8005\u5148\u628a\u51fa\u4ef7\u5199\u4e0b\u6765\u9012\u4ea4\uff0c\u6210\u4ea4\u4ef7\u662f\u80dc\u51fa\u4e70\u5bb6\u6240\u5199\u7684\u4ef7\u94b1\u3002 \u8fd9\u79cd\u6295\u6807\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u5f53\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u5904\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u4ef7\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u9887\u8d39\u601d\u91cf\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67d0\u4ef6\u62cd\u5356\u54c1\uff0c\u82e5\u4f60\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u613f\u4ed8\u4ef7\u94b1\uff08maximum willingness to pay\uff09\u662f100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u5e76\u5982\u5b9e\u586b\u5199\uff0c\u4e2d\u6807\u540e\u4f60\u867d\u7136\u53d6\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u4ed8\u51fa100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u4e00\u52a0\u4e00\u51cf\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u767d\u5fd9\u4e86\u4e00\u8d9f\uff0c\u548c\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fc7\u4e00\u6837\uff01\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u51fa\u4ef7\u5e94\u4f4e\u4e8e100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u4f4e\u81f3\u54ea\u4e2a\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5219\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6295\u6807\u4eba\u6570\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u5173\u56e0\u7d20\u3002 1961\u5e74\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ef4\u514b\u91cc\uff08William Vickery\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u62db\u6807\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9996\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ef7\u9ad8\u8005\u5f97\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u80dc\u51fa\u4e70\u5bb6\u6240\u4ed8\u7684\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6807\u4ef7\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u51fa\u4ef7\uff1b\u6b64\u79f0\u4e3a\u6b21\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\uff08second-price sealed-bid auction \uff09\u3002 \u7ef4\u514b\u91cc\u8fd8\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\uff1a\u6295\u6807\u8005\u53ea\u987b\u5982\u5b9e\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u300c\u5982\u5b9e\u5448\u62a5\u300d\uff08truth telling\uff09\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u800c\u6bcb\u987b\u50cf\u5728\u9996\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\u4e2d\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u964d\u4f4e\u81ea\u5df1\u51fa\u4ef7\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u800c\u5f97\u76ca\uff1b\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u9053\u7406\u5927\u81f4\u5982\u4e0b\u3002\u82e5\u4f60\u5982\u5b9e\u51fa\u4ef7\uff08\u4ee5M\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u6807\u540e\u6240\u4ed8\u4ef7\u94b1\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6807\u4ef7\uff08\u4ee5X\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u76c8\u5229\u5c31\u662fM - X \uff1e0\u3002\u82e5\u4f60\u964d\u4f4e\u51fa\u4ef7\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u6295\u4e0d\u5230\u62cd\u54c1\uff1b\u8981\u662f\u964d\u4ef7\u540e\u6295\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f60\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4ed8\u51faX\uff0c\u76c8\u5229\u4f9d\u7136\u4e3aM -X\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u51fa\u4ef7\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u4e2d\u6807\u540e\u7684\u76c8\u5229\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u53ef\u80fd\u964d\u4f4e\u80dc\u51fa\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u51fa\u4ef7\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u5229\u53ef\u56fe\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u300c\u5982\u5b9e\u5448\u62a5\u300d\u624d\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u7b56\u7565\u3002 \u6b21\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\u867d\u7136\u770b\u6765\u6709\u70b9\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4f18\u70b9\u6781\u5927\u3002\u7ef4\u514b\u91cc\u4ea6\u56e0\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u800c\u540d\u95fb\u5929\u4e0b\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u8fd8\u62ff\u4e86\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\uff01 \u521d\u6b21\u542c\u95fb\u6b21\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u4f69\u670d\u53d1\u660e\u4eba\u7684\u8d85\u51e1\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u3002\u7136\u800c\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u66f4\u5bcc\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\uff01\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u62db\u6807\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u5546\u754c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6cbf\u7528\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u57281893\u5e74\uff0c\u5c31\u5df2\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u96c6\u90ae\u754c\u3002 \u636e\u8bf4\u57281797\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u6b4c\u5fb7\u901a\u8fc7\u6b21\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\u6210\u529f\u5356\u51fa\u4e00\u4efd\u624b\u7a3f\u3002\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5177\u521b\u610f\u7684\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u53ef\u8c13\u66f4\u591a\u59ff\u591a\u91c7\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u6b4c\u5fb7\u6709\u53e5\u540d\u8a00\uff1a\u300c\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u7070\u8272\u7684\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u6811\u5e38\u9752\u300d\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u4e0d\u59a8\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7a0d\u52a0\u4fee\u6539\uff1a\u300c\u7406\u8bba\u672a\u5fc5\u4e00\u5b9a\u7070\u8272\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u6811\u5219\u786e\u5b9e\u5e38\u9752\u300d\uff01 \u8d75\u8000\u534e\u535a\u58eb \u6e2f\u5927\u7ecf\u7ba1\u5b66\u9662\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8363\u8a89\u526f\u6559\u6388 \uff08\u672c\u6587\u540c\u65f6\u4e8e\u4e8c\u96f6\u4e8c\u4e09\u5e74\u4e5d\u6708\u5341\u4e09\u65e5\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u4fe1\u62a5\u300b\u300c\u9f99\u864e\u5c71\u4e0b\u300d\u4e13\u680f\uff09\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.hkubs.hku.hk\/sc\/research\/thought-leadership\/hkej-column\/all-theory-might-not-be-grey-but-the-golden-tree-of-actual-life-springs-ever-green\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-09-14T03:10:35+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-09-14T03:18:35+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"\u7406\u8bba\u672a\u5fc5\u7070\u8272 \u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u6811\u957f\u9752 - HKU Business School\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"\u524d\u4e0d\u4e45\u9999\u6e2f\u53d1\u751f\u4e00\u5b97\u547d\u6848\uff0c\u5176\u9a87\u4eba\u542c\u95fb\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u4e0b\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u5178\u60ca\u6817\u7247\u3002\u624d\u534e\u6ee1\u6ea2\u3001\u8d44\u91d1\u4e30\u539a\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u5236\u4f5c\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u7ede\u5c3d\u8111\u6c41\uff0c\u5176\u521b\u4f5c\u4e0d\u89c1\u5f97\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u5947\u5f02\u7cbe\u91c7\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u627e\u5bfb\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u7ecf\u6574\u7406\u94fa\u9648\u540e\u5448\u73b0\u4e8e\u89c2\u4f17\u773c\u524d\u3002\u89c2\u4f17\u89c9\u5f97\u53ef\u89c2\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u66fe\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u65b0\u9c9c\u611f\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u624d\u662f\u7535\u5f71\u7cbe\u91c7\u60c5\u8282\u7684\u6cc9\u6e90\u3002 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clauses\uff09\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u6709\u4e24\u5bb6\u9500\u552e\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5be1\u5934\u767e\u8d27\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4e3a\u65b9\u4fbf\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u53ea\u6709\u9ad8\u4f4e\u4e4b\u5206\u3002 \u3010\u88681\u3011\u663e\u793a\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u4ef7\u683c\u7ec4\u5408\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002\u82e5\u53cc\u65b9\u5b9a\u4ef7\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u5e73\u5206\u5e02\u573a\uff1b\u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u9ad8\u4ef7\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5c31\u4f1a\u6d41\u5411\u4f4e\u4ef7\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u3002 \u4ece\u603b\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7532\u3001\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6536\u9ad8\u4ef7\u5f53\u7136\u6700\u597d\uff08\u603b\u5229\u6da6\u4e3a20\uff1b\u5404\u5f9710\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u5229\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u65b9\u600e\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u6bcf\u95f4\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6709\u52a8\u673a\u9009\u62e9\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u300c\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u4f4e\u4ef7\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u5982\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u603b\u5229\u6da6\u548c\u6bcf\u95f4\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5229\u6da6\uff08\u5206\u522b\u4e3a10\uff0c5\uff09\u5747\u4f4e\u4e8e\u300c\u9ad8\u4ef7\uff0c\u9ad8\u4ef7\u300d\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u7532\u4e59\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5904\u5883\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u300c\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u300d\uff08the prisoner&#039;s dilemma\uff09\u3002 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\u4ece\u603b\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7532\u3001\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6536\u9ad8\u4ef7\u5f53\u7136\u6700\u597d\uff08\u603b\u5229\u6da6\u4e3a20\uff1b\u5404\u5f9710\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u5229\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u65b9\u600e\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u6bcf\u95f4\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6709\u52a8\u673a\u9009\u62e9\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u300c\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u4f4e\u4ef7\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u5982\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u603b\u5229\u6da6\u548c\u6bcf\u95f4\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5229\u6da6\uff08\u5206\u522b\u4e3a10\uff0c5\uff09\u5747\u4f4e\u4e8e\u300c\u9ad8\u4ef7\uff0c\u9ad8\u4ef7\u300d\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u7532\u4e59\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5904\u5883\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u300c\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u300d\uff08the prisoner's dilemma\uff09\u3002 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\u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u9500\u552e\u4e2d\u91c7\u53d6\u8fd9\u79cd\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5373\u8868\u793a\u627f\u8bfa\u4e00\u65e6\u987e\u5ba2\u53d1\u73b0\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u628a\u4ef7\u683c\u76f8\u5e94\u8c03\u4f4e\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8c8c\u4f3c\u4fdd\u969c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u7684\u6761\u6587\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u964d\u4ef7\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4f55\u5728\uff1f \u82e5\u7532\u516c\u53f8\u5df2\u7ecf\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\uff08\u5e76\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u9ad8\u4ef7\uff09\uff0c\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u52a8\u673a\u9009\u62e9\u4f4e\u4ef7\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u9009\u62e9\u9ad8\u4ef7\u5c31\u662f\u5408\u4f5c\u53cc\u8d62\uff0c\u82e5\u9009\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u5bf9\u65b9\u81ea\u52a8\u4f1a\u7ed9\u987e\u5ba2\u964d\u4ef7\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5bf9\u65b9\u4ece\u9ad8\u4ef7\u81ea\u52a8\u53d8\u6210\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u300c\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u4f4e\u4ef7\u300d\u7684\u53cc\u8f93\u5c40\u9762\u3002 \u3010\u88682\u3011\u663e\u793a\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u5c5e\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7ecf\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1b\u65e0\u72ec\u6709\u5076\uff0c\u9500\u552e\u4ef7\u683c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\u4e5f\u90fd\u8fdc\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528\uff01 \u6b21\u4ef7\u62db\u6807 \u62cd\u5356\u548c\u6295\u6807\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7528\u9014\u3002\u62cd\u5356\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u662f\u9996\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\uff08first-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002\u6295\u6807\u8005\u5148\u628a\u51fa\u4ef7\u5199\u4e0b\u6765\u9012\u4ea4\uff0c\u6210\u4ea4\u4ef7\u662f\u80dc\u51fa\u4e70\u5bb6\u6240\u5199\u7684\u4ef7\u94b1\u3002 \u8fd9\u79cd\u6295\u6807\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u5f53\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u5904\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u4ef7\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u9887\u8d39\u601d\u91cf\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67d0\u4ef6\u62cd\u5356\u54c1\uff0c\u82e5\u4f60\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u613f\u4ed8\u4ef7\u94b1\uff08maximum willingness to pay\uff09\u662f100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u5e76\u5982\u5b9e\u586b\u5199\uff0c\u4e2d\u6807\u540e\u4f60\u867d\u7136\u53d6\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u4ed8\u51fa100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u4e00\u52a0\u4e00\u51cf\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u767d\u5fd9\u4e86\u4e00\u8d9f\uff0c\u548c\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fc7\u4e00\u6837\uff01\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u51fa\u4ef7\u5e94\u4f4e\u4e8e100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u4f4e\u81f3\u54ea\u4e2a\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5219\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6295\u6807\u4eba\u6570\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u5173\u56e0\u7d20\u3002 1961\u5e74\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ef4\u514b\u91cc\uff08William Vickery\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u62db\u6807\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9996\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ef7\u9ad8\u8005\u5f97\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u80dc\u51fa\u4e70\u5bb6\u6240\u4ed8\u7684\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6807\u4ef7\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u51fa\u4ef7\uff1b\u6b64\u79f0\u4e3a\u6b21\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\uff08second-price sealed-bid auction \uff09\u3002 \u7ef4\u514b\u91cc\u8fd8\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\uff1a\u6295\u6807\u8005\u53ea\u987b\u5982\u5b9e\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u300c\u5982\u5b9e\u5448\u62a5\u300d\uff08truth 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School","twitter:description":"\u524d\u4e0d\u4e45\u9999\u6e2f\u53d1\u751f\u4e00\u5b97\u547d\u6848\uff0c\u5176\u9a87\u4eba\u542c\u95fb\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u4e0b\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u5178\u60ca\u6817\u7247\u3002\u624d\u534e\u6ee1\u6ea2\u3001\u8d44\u91d1\u4e30\u539a\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u5236\u4f5c\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u7ede\u5c3d\u8111\u6c41\uff0c\u5176\u521b\u4f5c\u4e0d\u89c1\u5f97\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u5947\u5f02\u7cbe\u91c7\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u627e\u5bfb\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u7ecf\u6574\u7406\u94fa\u9648\u540e\u5448\u73b0\u4e8e\u89c2\u4f17\u773c\u524d\u3002\u89c2\u4f17\u89c9\u5f97\u53ef\u89c2\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u66fe\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u65b0\u9c9c\u611f\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u624d\u662f\u7535\u5f71\u7cbe\u91c7\u60c5\u8282\u7684\u6cc9\u6e90\u3002 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\u57fa\u4e8e\u9500\u552e\u4ef7\u683c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u4e00\u65e6\u8fdd\u7ea6\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u5411\u4e70\u5bb6\u8d54\u507f\uff0c\u51cf\u4ef7\u52a8\u673a\u81ea\u7136\u5927\u51cf\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u552e\u4ef7\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u53d1\u6325\u52a0\u5f3a\u516c\u53f8\u4fe1\u8a89\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4ef7\u683c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5e76\u975e\u53ea\u662f\u5411\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4f18\u5f85\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u76d1\u5bdf\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4f5c\u51fa\u77ed\u89c6\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u6b64\u4e3e\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5e94\u9a8c\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff1a\u4e16\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u65e0\u7f18\u65e0\u6545\u7684\u7231\uff01 \u53c8\u4ee5\u300c\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\u300d\uff08meeting-competition clauses\uff09\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u6709\u4e24\u5bb6\u9500\u552e\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5be1\u5934\u767e\u8d27\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4e3a\u65b9\u4fbf\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u53ea\u6709\u9ad8\u4f4e\u4e4b\u5206\u3002 \u3010\u88681\u3011\u663e\u793a\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u4ef7\u683c\u7ec4\u5408\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002\u82e5\u53cc\u65b9\u5b9a\u4ef7\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u5e73\u5206\u5e02\u573a\uff1b\u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u9ad8\u4ef7\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5c31\u4f1a\u6d41\u5411\u4f4e\u4ef7\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u3002 \u4ece\u603b\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7532\u3001\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6536\u9ad8\u4ef7\u5f53\u7136\u6700\u597d\uff08\u603b\u5229\u6da6\u4e3a20\uff1b\u5404\u5f9710\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u5229\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5bf9\u65b9\u600e\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u6bcf\u95f4\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6709\u52a8\u673a\u9009\u62e9\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u300c\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u4f4e\u4ef7\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u5982\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u603b\u5229\u6da6\u548c\u6bcf\u95f4\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5229\u6da6\uff08\u5206\u522b\u4e3a10\uff0c5\uff09\u5747\u4f4e\u4e8e\u300c\u9ad8\u4ef7\uff0c\u9ad8\u4ef7\u300d\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u7532\u4e59\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5904\u5883\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u300c\u56da\u5f92\u56f0\u5883\u300d\uff08the prisoner's dilemma\uff09\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u300c\u9ad8\u4ef7\uff0c\u9ad8\u4ef7\u300d\u79f0\u4e3a\u5408\u4f5c\u53cc\u8d62\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u4f4e\u4ef7\u300d\u5219\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5408\u4f5c\u53cc\u8f93\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b7e\u7f72\u5408\u4f5c\u534f\u8bae\uff08\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u8fd9\u662f\u8fdd\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u5408\u4f5c\u53cc\u8d62\uff1f \u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9500\u552e\u4ef7\u683c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u7532\u3001\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u901a\u8fc7\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u5408\u4f5c\u53cc\u8d62\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff01 \u82e5\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u9500\u552e\u4e2d\u91c7\u53d6\u8fd9\u79cd\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5373\u8868\u793a\u627f\u8bfa\u4e00\u65e6\u987e\u5ba2\u53d1\u73b0\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u628a\u4ef7\u683c\u76f8\u5e94\u8c03\u4f4e\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8c8c\u4f3c\u4fdd\u969c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u7684\u6761\u6587\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u964d\u4ef7\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4f55\u5728\uff1f \u82e5\u7532\u516c\u53f8\u5df2\u7ecf\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\uff08\u5e76\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u9ad8\u4ef7\uff09\uff0c\u4e59\u516c\u53f8\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u52a8\u673a\u9009\u62e9\u4f4e\u4ef7\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u9009\u62e9\u9ad8\u4ef7\u5c31\u662f\u5408\u4f5c\u53cc\u8d62\uff0c\u82e5\u9009\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u5bf9\u65b9\u81ea\u52a8\u4f1a\u7ed9\u987e\u5ba2\u964d\u4ef7\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5bf9\u65b9\u4ece\u9ad8\u4ef7\u81ea\u52a8\u53d8\u6210\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u300c\u4f4e\u4ef7\uff0c\u4f4e\u4ef7\u300d\u7684\u53cc\u8f93\u5c40\u9762\u3002 \u3010\u88682\u3011\u663e\u793a\u4e24\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u3002 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u90fd\u5c5e\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u7ecf\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1b\u65e0\u72ec\u6709\u5076\uff0c\u9500\u552e\u4ef7\u683c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u548c\u4e00\u81f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6761\u6b3e\u4e5f\u90fd\u8fdc\u5728\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528\uff01 \u6b21\u4ef7\u62db\u6807 \u62cd\u5356\u548c\u6295\u6807\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7528\u9014\u3002\u62cd\u5356\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u662f\u9996\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\uff08first-price sealed-bid auction\uff09\u3002\u6295\u6807\u8005\u5148\u628a\u51fa\u4ef7\u5199\u4e0b\u6765\u9012\u4ea4\uff0c\u6210\u4ea4\u4ef7\u662f\u80dc\u51fa\u4e70\u5bb6\u6240\u5199\u7684\u4ef7\u94b1\u3002 \u8fd9\u79cd\u6295\u6807\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u5f53\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u5904\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u4ef7\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u9887\u8d39\u601d\u91cf\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67d0\u4ef6\u62cd\u5356\u54c1\uff0c\u82e5\u4f60\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u613f\u4ed8\u4ef7\u94b1\uff08maximum willingness to pay\uff09\u662f100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u5e76\u5982\u5b9e\u586b\u5199\uff0c\u4e2d\u6807\u540e\u4f60\u867d\u7136\u53d6\u5f97\u62cd\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u4ed8\u51fa100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u4e00\u52a0\u4e00\u51cf\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u767d\u5fd9\u4e86\u4e00\u8d9f\uff0c\u548c\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fc7\u4e00\u6837\uff01\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u51fa\u4ef7\u5e94\u4f4e\u4e8e100\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u4f4e\u81f3\u54ea\u4e2a\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5219\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6295\u6807\u4eba\u6570\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u5173\u56e0\u7d20\u3002 1961\u5e74\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ef4\u514b\u91cc\uff08William Vickery\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u62db\u6807\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9996\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ef7\u9ad8\u8005\u5f97\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u80dc\u51fa\u4e70\u5bb6\u6240\u4ed8\u7684\u662f\u6b21\u9ad8\u5165\u6807\u4ef7\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u51fa\u4ef7\uff1b\u6b64\u79f0\u4e3a\u6b21\u4ef7\u62db\u6807\uff08second-price sealed-bid auction \uff09\u3002 \u7ef4\u514b\u91cc\u8fd8\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\uff1a\u6295\u6807\u8005\u53ea\u987b\u5982\u5b9e\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u300c\u5982\u5b9e\u5448\u62a5\u300d\uff08truth 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